============================
Request and response objects
============================

.. module:: django.http
   :synopsis: Classes dealing with HTTP requests and responses.

Quick overview
==============

Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system.

When a page is requested, Django creates an :class:`HttpRequest` object that
contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view,
passing the :class:`HttpRequest` as the first argument to the view function.
Each view is responsible for returning an :class:`HttpResponse` object.

This document explains the APIs for :class:`HttpRequest` and
:class:`HttpResponse` objects, which are defined in the :mod:`django.http`
module.

``HttpRequest`` objects
=======================

.. class:: HttpRequest

.. _httprequest-attributes:

Attributes
----------

All attributes should be considered read-only, unless stated otherwise.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.scheme

    A string representing the scheme of the request (``http`` or ``https``
    usually).

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.body

    The raw HTTP request body as a bytestring. This is useful for processing
    data in different ways than conventional HTML forms: binary images,
    XML payload etc. For processing conventional form data, use
    :attr:`HttpRequest.POST`.

    You can also read from an ``HttpRequest`` using a file-like interface with
    :meth:`HttpRequest.read` or :meth:`HttpRequest.readline`. Accessing
    the ``body`` attribute *after* reading the request with either of these I/O
    stream methods will produce a ``RawPostDataException``.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.path

    A string representing the full path to the requested page, not including
    the scheme, domain, or query string.

    Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"``

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.path_info

    Under some Web server configurations, the portion of the URL after the
    host name is split up into a script prefix portion and a path info
    portion. The ``path_info`` attribute always contains the path info portion
    of the path, no matter what Web server is being used. Using this instead
    of :attr:`~HttpRequest.path` can make your code easier to move between
    test and deployment servers.

    For example, if the ``WSGIScriptAlias`` for your application is set to
    ``"/minfo"``, then ``path`` might be ``"/minfo/music/bands/the_beatles/"``
    and ``path_info`` would be ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"``.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.method

    A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. This is
    guaranteed to be uppercase. For example::

        if request.method == 'GET':
            do_something()
        elif request.method == 'POST':
            do_something_else()

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.encoding

    A string representing the current encoding used to decode form submission
    data (or ``None``, which means the :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting is
    used). You can write to this attribute to change the encoding used when
    accessing the form data. Any subsequent attribute accesses (such as reading
    from :attr:`GET` or :attr:`POST`) will use the new ``encoding`` value.
    Useful if you know the form data is not in the :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET`
    encoding.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.content_type

    A string representing the MIME type of the request, parsed from the
    ``CONTENT_TYPE`` header.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.content_params

    A dictionary of key/value parameters included in the ``CONTENT_TYPE``
    header.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.GET

    A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET parameters. See the
    :class:`QueryDict` documentation below.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.POST

    A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST parameters,
    providing that the request contains form data. See the
    :class:`QueryDict` documentation below. If you need to access raw or
    non-form data posted in the request, access this through the
    :attr:`HttpRequest.body` attribute instead.

    It's possible that a request can come in via POST with an empty ``POST``
    dictionary -- if, say, a form is requested via the POST HTTP method but
    does not include form data. Therefore, you shouldn't use ``if request.POST``
    to check for use of the POST method; instead, use ``if request.method ==
    "POST"`` (see :attr:`HttpRequest.method`).

    ``POST`` does *not* include file-upload information. See :attr:`FILES`.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.COOKIES

    A dictionary containing all cookies. Keys and values are strings.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.FILES

    A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. Each key in
    ``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input type="file" name="">``. Each
    value in ``FILES`` is an :class:`~django.core.files.uploadedfile.UploadedFile`.

    See :doc:`/topics/files` for more information.

    ``FILES`` will only contain data if the request method was POST and the
    ``<form>`` that posted to the request had ``enctype="multipart/form-data"``.
    Otherwise, ``FILES`` will be a blank dictionary-like object.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.META

    A dictionary containing all available HTTP headers. Available headers
    depend on the client and server, but here are some examples:

    * ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` -- The length of the request body (as a string).
    * ``CONTENT_TYPE`` -- The MIME type of the request body.
    * ``HTTP_ACCEPT`` -- Acceptable content types for the response.
    * ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING`` -- Acceptable encodings for the response.
    * ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE`` -- Acceptable languages for the response.
    * ``HTTP_HOST`` -- The HTTP Host header sent by the client.
    * ``HTTP_REFERER`` -- The referring page, if any.
    * ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` -- The client's user-agent string.
    * ``QUERY_STRING`` -- The query string, as a single (unparsed) string.
    * ``REMOTE_ADDR`` -- The IP address of the client.
    * ``REMOTE_HOST`` -- The hostname of the client.
    * ``REMOTE_USER`` -- The user authenticated by the Web server, if any.
    * ``REQUEST_METHOD`` -- A string such as ``"GET"`` or ``"POST"``.
    * ``SERVER_NAME`` -- The hostname of the server.
    * ``SERVER_PORT`` -- The port of the server (as a string).

    With the exception of ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` and ``CONTENT_TYPE``, as given
    above, any HTTP headers in the request are converted to ``META`` keys by
    converting all characters to uppercase, replacing any hyphens with
    underscores and adding an ``HTTP_`` prefix to the name. So, for example, a
    header called ``X-Bender`` would be mapped to the ``META`` key
    ``HTTP_X_BENDER``.

    Note that :djadmin:`runserver` strips all headers with underscores in the
    name, so you won't see them in ``META``. This prevents header-spoofing
    based on ambiguity between underscores and dashes both being normalizing to
    underscores in WSGI environment variables. It matches the behavior of
    Web servers like Nginx and Apache 2.4+.

    :attr:`HttpRequest.headers` is a simpler way to access all HTTP-prefixed
    headers, plus ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` and ``CONTENT_TYPE``.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.headers

    A case insensitive, dict-like object that provides access to all
    HTTP-prefixed headers (plus ``Content-Length`` and ``Content-Type``) from
    the request.

    The name of each header is stylized with title-casing (e.g. ``User-Agent``)
    when it's displayed. You can access headers case-insensitively::

        >>> request.headers
        {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6', ...}

        >>> 'User-Agent' in request.headers
        True
        >>> 'user-agent' in request.headers
        True

        >>> request.headers['User-Agent']
        Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)
        >>> request.headers['user-agent']
        Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)

        >>> request.headers.get('User-Agent')
        Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)
        >>> request.headers.get('user-agent')
        Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6)

    For use in, for example, Django templates, headers can also be looked up
    using underscores in place of hyphens::

        {{ request.headers.user_agent }}

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.resolver_match

    An instance of :class:`~django.urls.ResolverMatch` representing the
    resolved URL. This attribute is only set after URL resolving took place,
    which means it's available in all views but not in middleware which are
    executed before URL resolving takes place (you can use it in
    :meth:`process_view` though).

Attributes set by application code
----------------------------------

Django doesn't set these attributes itself but makes use of them if set by your
application.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.current_app

    The :ttag:`url` template tag will use its value as the ``current_app``
    argument to :func:`~django.urls.reverse()`.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.urlconf

    This will be used as the root URLconf for the current request, overriding
    the :setting:`ROOT_URLCONF` setting. See
    :ref:`how-django-processes-a-request` for details.

    ``urlconf`` can be set to ``None`` to revert any changes made by previous
    middleware and return to using the :setting:`ROOT_URLCONF`.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.exception_reporter_filter

    This will be used instead of :setting:`DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER`
    for the current request. See :ref:`custom-error-reports` for details.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.exception_reporter_class

    This will be used instead of :setting:`DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER` for the
    current request. See :ref:`custom-error-reports` for details.

Attributes set by middleware
----------------------------

Some of the middleware included in Django's contrib apps set attributes on the
request. If you don't see the attribute on a request, be sure the appropriate
middleware class is listed in :setting:`MIDDLEWARE`.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.session

    From the :class:`~django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware`: A
    readable and writable, dictionary-like object that represents the current
    session.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.site

    From the :class:`~django.contrib.sites.middleware.CurrentSiteMiddleware`:
    An instance of :class:`~django.contrib.sites.models.Site` or
    :class:`~django.contrib.sites.requests.RequestSite` as returned by
    :func:`~django.contrib.sites.shortcuts.get_current_site()`
    representing the current site.

.. attribute:: HttpRequest.user

    From the :class:`~django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware`:
    An instance of :setting:`AUTH_USER_MODEL` representing the currently
    logged-in user. If the user isn't currently logged in, ``user`` will be set
    to an instance of :class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`. You
    can tell them apart with
    :attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_authenticated`, like so::

        if request.user.is_authenticated:
            ... # Do something for logged-in users.
        else:
            ... # Do something for anonymous users.

Methods
-------

.. method:: HttpRequest.get_host()

    Returns the originating host of the request using information from the
    ``HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST`` (if :setting:`USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST` is enabled)
    and ``HTTP_HOST`` headers, in that order. If they don't provide a value,
    the method uses a combination of ``SERVER_NAME`` and ``SERVER_PORT`` as
    detailed in :pep:`3333`.

    Example: ``"127.0.0.1:8000"``

    Raises ``django.core.exceptions.DisallowedHost`` if the host is not in
    :setting:`ALLOWED_HOSTS` or the domain name is invalid according to
    :rfc:`1034`/:rfc:`1035 <1035>`.

    .. note:: The :meth:`~HttpRequest.get_host()` method fails when the host is
        behind multiple proxies. One solution is to use middleware to rewrite
        the proxy headers, as in the following example::

            class MultipleProxyMiddleware:
                FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS = [
                    'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR',
                    'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST',
                    'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER',
                ]

                def __init__(self, get_response):
                    self.get_response = get_response

                def __call__(self, request):
                    """
                    Rewrites the proxy headers so that only the most
                    recent proxy is used.
                    """
                    for field in self.FORWARDED_FOR_FIELDS:
                        if field in request.META:
                            if ',' in request.META[field]:
                                parts = request.META[field].split(',')
                                request.META[field] = parts[-1].strip()
                    return self.get_response(request)

        This middleware should be positioned before any other middleware that
        relies on the value of :meth:`~HttpRequest.get_host()` -- for instance,
        :class:`~django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware` or
        :class:`~django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware`.

.. method:: HttpRequest.get_port()

    Returns the originating port of the request using information from the
    ``HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT`` (if :setting:`USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT` is enabled)
    and ``SERVER_PORT`` ``META`` variables, in that order.

.. method:: HttpRequest.get_full_path()

    Returns the ``path``, plus an appended query string, if applicable.

    Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"``

.. method:: HttpRequest.get_full_path_info()

    Like :meth:`get_full_path`, but uses :attr:`path_info` instead of
    :attr:`path`.

    Example: ``"/minfo/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"``

.. method:: HttpRequest.build_absolute_uri(location=None)

    Returns the absolute URI form of ``location``. If no location is provided,
    the location will be set to ``request.get_full_path()``.

    If the location is already an absolute URI, it will not be altered.
    Otherwise the absolute URI is built using the server variables available in
    this request. For example:

    >>> request.build_absolute_uri()
    'https://example.com/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true'
    >>> request.build_absolute_uri('/bands/')
    'https://example.com/bands/'
    >>> request.build_absolute_uri('https://example2.com/bands/')
    'https://example2.com/bands/'

    .. note::

        Mixing HTTP and HTTPS on the same site is discouraged, therefore
        :meth:`~HttpRequest.build_absolute_uri()` will always generate an
        absolute URI with the same scheme the current request has. If you need
        to redirect users to HTTPS, it's best to let your Web server redirect
        all HTTP traffic to HTTPS.

.. method:: HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie(key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt='', max_age=None)

    Returns a cookie value for a signed cookie, or raises a
    ``django.core.signing.BadSignature`` exception if the signature is
    no longer valid. If you provide the ``default`` argument the exception
    will be suppressed and that default value will be returned instead.

    The optional ``salt`` argument can be used to provide extra protection
    against brute force attacks on your secret key. If supplied, the
    ``max_age`` argument will be checked against the signed timestamp
    attached to the cookie value to ensure the cookie is not older than
    ``max_age`` seconds.

    For example::

        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('name')
        'Tony'
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('name', salt='name-salt')
        'Tony' # assuming cookie was set using the same salt
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('nonexistent-cookie')
        ...
        KeyError: 'nonexistent-cookie'
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('nonexistent-cookie', False)
        False
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('cookie-that-was-tampered-with')
        ...
        BadSignature: ...
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('name', max_age=60)
        ...
        SignatureExpired: Signature age 1677.3839159 > 60 seconds
        >>> request.get_signed_cookie('name', False, max_age=60)
        False

    See :doc:`cryptographic signing </topics/signing>` for more information.

.. method:: HttpRequest.is_secure()

    Returns ``True`` if the request is secure; that is, if it was made with
    HTTPS.

.. method:: HttpRequest.accepts(mime_type)

    .. versionadded:: 3.1

    Returns ``True`` if the request ``Accept`` header matches the ``mime_type``
    argument::

        >>> request.accepts('text/html')
        True

    Most browsers send ``Accept: */*`` by default, so this would return
    ``True`` for all content types. Setting an explicit ``Accept`` header in
    API requests can be useful for returning a different content type for those
    consumers only. See :ref:`content-negotiation-example` of using
    ``accepts()`` to return different content to API consumers.

    If a response varies depending on the content of the ``Accept`` header and
    you are using some form of caching like Django's :mod:`cache middleware
    <django.middleware.cache>`, you should decorate the view with
    :func:`vary_on_headers('Accept')
    <django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_headers>` so that the responses are
    properly cached.

.. method:: HttpRequest.is_ajax()

    .. deprecated:: 3.1

    Returns ``True`` if the request was made via an ``XMLHttpRequest``, by
    checking the ``HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH`` header for the string
    ``'XMLHttpRequest'``. Most modern JavaScript libraries send this header.
    If you write your own ``XMLHttpRequest`` call (on the browser side), you'll
    have to set this header manually if you want ``is_ajax()`` to work.

    If a response varies on whether or not it's requested via AJAX and you are
    using some form of caching like Django's :mod:`cache middleware
    <django.middleware.cache>`, you should decorate the view with
    :func:`vary_on_headers('X-Requested-With')
    <django.views.decorators.vary.vary_on_headers>` so that the responses are
    properly cached.

.. method:: HttpRequest.read(size=None)
.. method:: HttpRequest.readline()
.. method:: HttpRequest.readlines()
.. method:: HttpRequest.__iter__()

    Methods implementing a file-like interface for reading from an
    ``HttpRequest`` instance. This makes it possible to consume an incoming
    request in a streaming fashion. A common use-case would be to process a
    big XML payload with an iterative parser without constructing a whole
    XML tree in memory.

    Given this standard interface, an ``HttpRequest`` instance can be
    passed directly to an XML parser such as
    :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree`::

        import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
        for element in ET.iterparse(request):
            process(element)


``QueryDict`` objects
=====================

.. class:: QueryDict

In an :class:`HttpRequest` object, the :attr:`~HttpRequest.GET` and
:attr:`~HttpRequest.POST` attributes are instances of ``django.http.QueryDict``,
a dictionary-like class customized to deal with multiple values for the same
key. This is necessary because some HTML form elements, notably
``<select multiple>``, pass multiple values for the same key.

The ``QueryDict``\ s at ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET`` will be immutable
when accessed in a normal request/response cycle. To get a mutable version you
need to use :meth:`QueryDict.copy`.

Methods
-------

:class:`QueryDict` implements all the standard dictionary methods because it's
a subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here:

.. method:: QueryDict.__init__(query_string=None, mutable=False, encoding=None)

    Instantiates a ``QueryDict`` object based on ``query_string``.

    >>> QueryDict('a=1&a=2&c=3')
    <QueryDict: {'a': ['1', '2'], 'c': ['3']}>

    If ``query_string`` is not passed in, the resulting ``QueryDict`` will be
    empty (it will have no keys or values).

    Most ``QueryDict``\ s you encounter, and in particular those at
    ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET``, will be immutable. If you are
    instantiating one yourself, you can make it mutable by passing
    ``mutable=True`` to its ``__init__()``.

    Strings for setting both keys and values will be converted from ``encoding``
    to ``str``. If ``encoding`` is not set, it defaults to
    :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET`.

.. classmethod:: QueryDict.fromkeys(iterable, value='', mutable=False, encoding=None)

    Creates a new ``QueryDict`` with keys from ``iterable`` and each value
    equal to ``value``. For example::

        >>> QueryDict.fromkeys(['a', 'a', 'b'], value='val')
        <QueryDict: {'a': ['val', 'val'], 'b': ['val']}>

.. method:: QueryDict.__getitem__(key)

    Returns the value for the given key. If the key has more than one value,
    it returns the last value. Raises
    ``django.utils.datastructures.MultiValueDictKeyError`` if the key does not
    exist. (This is a subclass of Python's standard :exc:`KeyError`, so you can
    stick to catching ``KeyError``.)

.. method:: QueryDict.__setitem__(key, value)

    Sets the given key to ``[value]`` (a list whose single element is
    ``value``). Note that this, as other dictionary functions that have side
    effects, can only be called on a mutable ``QueryDict`` (such as one that
    was created via :meth:`QueryDict.copy`).

.. method:: QueryDict.__contains__(key)

    Returns ``True`` if the given key is set. This lets you do, e.g., ``if "foo"
    in request.GET``.

.. method:: QueryDict.get(key, default=None)

    Uses the same logic as :meth:`__getitem__`, with a hook for returning a
    default value if the key doesn't exist.

.. method:: QueryDict.setdefault(key, default=None)

    Like :meth:`dict.setdefault`, except it uses :meth:`__setitem__` internally.

.. method:: QueryDict.update(other_dict)

    Takes either a ``QueryDict`` or a dictionary. Like :meth:`dict.update`,
    except it *appends* to the current dictionary items rather than replacing
    them. For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1', mutable=True)
        >>> q.update({'a': '2'})
        >>> q.getlist('a')
        ['1', '2']
        >>> q['a'] # returns the last
        '2'

.. method:: QueryDict.items()

    Like :meth:`dict.items`, except this uses the same last-value logic as
    :meth:`__getitem__` and returns an iterator object instead of a view object.
    For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
        >>> list(q.items())
        [('a', '3')]

.. method:: QueryDict.values()

    Like :meth:`dict.values`, except this uses the same last-value logic as
    :meth:`__getitem__` and returns an iterator instead of a view object. For
    example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
        >>> list(q.values())
        ['3']

In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods:

.. method:: QueryDict.copy()

    Returns a copy of the object using :func:`copy.deepcopy`. This copy will
    be mutable even if the original was not.

.. method:: QueryDict.getlist(key, default=None)

    Returns a list of the data with the requested key. Returns an empty list if
    the key doesn't exist and ``default`` is ``None``. It's guaranteed to
    return a list unless the default value provided isn't a list.

.. method:: QueryDict.setlist(key, list_)

    Sets the given key to ``list_`` (unlike :meth:`__setitem__`).

.. method:: QueryDict.appendlist(key, item)

    Appends an item to the internal list associated with key.

.. method:: QueryDict.setlistdefault(key, default_list=None)

    Like :meth:`setdefault`, except it takes a list of values instead of a
    single value.

.. method:: QueryDict.lists()

    Like :meth:`items()`, except it includes all values, as a list, for each
    member of the dictionary. For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3')
        >>> q.lists()
        [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])]

.. method:: QueryDict.pop(key)

    Returns a list of values for the given key and removes them from the
    dictionary. Raises ``KeyError`` if the key does not exist. For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3', mutable=True)
        >>> q.pop('a')
        ['1', '2', '3']

.. method:: QueryDict.popitem()

    Removes an arbitrary member of the dictionary (since there's no concept
    of ordering), and returns a two value tuple containing the key and a list
    of all values for the key. Raises ``KeyError`` when called on an empty
    dictionary. For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3', mutable=True)
        >>> q.popitem()
        ('a', ['1', '2', '3'])

.. method:: QueryDict.dict()

    Returns a ``dict`` representation of ``QueryDict``. For every (key, list)
    pair in ``QueryDict``, ``dict`` will have (key, item), where item is one
    element of the list, using the same logic as :meth:`QueryDict.__getitem__`::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=3&a=5')
        >>> q.dict()
        {'a': '5'}

.. method:: QueryDict.urlencode(safe=None)

    Returns a string of the data in query string format. For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict('a=2&b=3&b=5')
        >>> q.urlencode()
        'a=2&b=3&b=5'

    Use the ``safe`` parameter to pass characters which don't require encoding.
    For example::

        >>> q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
        >>> q['next'] = '/a&b/'
        >>> q.urlencode(safe='/')
        'next=/a%26b/'

``HttpResponse`` objects
========================

.. class:: HttpResponse

In contrast to :class:`HttpRequest` objects, which are created automatically by
Django, :class:`HttpResponse` objects are your responsibility. Each view you
write is responsible for instantiating, populating, and returning an
:class:`HttpResponse`.

The :class:`HttpResponse` class lives in the :mod:`django.http` module.

Usage
-----

Passing strings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Typical usage is to pass the contents of the page, as a string, bytestring,
or :class:`memoryview`, to the :class:`HttpResponse` constructor::

    >>> from django.http import HttpResponse
    >>> response = HttpResponse("Here's the text of the Web page.")
    >>> response = HttpResponse("Text only, please.", content_type="text/plain")
    >>> response = HttpResponse(b'Bytestrings are also accepted.')
    >>> response = HttpResponse(memoryview(b'Memoryview as well.'))

But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use ``response`` as a
file-like object::

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response.write("<p>Here's the text of the Web page.</p>")
    >>> response.write("<p>Here's another paragraph.</p>")

Passing iterators
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Finally, you can pass ``HttpResponse`` an iterator rather than strings.
``HttpResponse`` will consume the iterator immediately, store its content as a
string, and discard it. Objects with a ``close()`` method such as files and
generators are immediately closed.

If you need the response to be streamed from the iterator to the client, you
must use the :class:`StreamingHttpResponse` class instead.

.. _setting-header-fields:

Setting header fields
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To set or remove a header field in your response, use
:attr:`HttpResponse.headers`::

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response.headers['Age'] = 120
    >>> del response.headers['Age']

You can also manipulate headers by treating your response like a dictionary::

    >>> response = HttpResponse()
    >>> response['Age'] = 120
    >>> del response['Age']

This proxies to ``HttpResponse.headers``, and is the original interface offered
by ``HttpResponse``.

When using this interface, unlike a dictionary, ``del`` doesn't raise
``KeyError`` if the header field doesn't exist.

You can also set headers on instantiation::

    >>> response = HttpResponse(headers={'Age': 120})

For setting the ``Cache-Control`` and ``Vary`` header fields, it is recommended
to use the :func:`~django.utils.cache.patch_cache_control` and
:func:`~django.utils.cache.patch_vary_headers` methods from
:mod:`django.utils.cache`, since these fields can have multiple, comma-separated
values. The "patch" methods ensure that other values, e.g. added by a
middleware, are not removed.

HTTP header fields cannot contain newlines. An attempt to set a header field
containing a newline character (CR or LF) will raise ``BadHeaderError``

.. versionchanged:: 3.2

    The :attr:`HttpResponse.headers` interface was added.

    The ability to set headers on instantiation was added.

Telling the browser to treat the response as a file attachment
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To tell the browser to treat the response as a file attachment, set the
``Content-Type`` and ``Content-Disposition`` headers. For example, this is how
you might return a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet::

    >>> response = HttpResponse(my_data, headers={
    ...     'Content-Type': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
    ...     'Content-Disposition': 'attachment; filename="foo.xls"',
    ... })

There's nothing Django-specific about the ``Content-Disposition`` header, but
it's easy to forget the syntax, so we've included it here.

Attributes
----------

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.content

    A bytestring representing the content, encoded from a string if necessary.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.headers

    .. versionadded:: 3.2

    A case insensitive, dict-like object that provides an interface to all
    HTTP headers on the response. See :ref:`setting-header-fields`.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.charset

    A string denoting the charset in which the response will be encoded. If not
    given at ``HttpResponse`` instantiation time, it will be extracted from
    ``content_type`` and if that is unsuccessful, the
    :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting will be used.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.status_code

    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.

    Unless :attr:`reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of
    ``status_code`` outside the constructor will also modify the value of
    ``reason_phrase``.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.reason_phrase

    The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the :rfc:`HTTP standard's
    <7231#section-6.1>` default reason phrases.

    Unless explicitly set, ``reason_phrase`` is determined by the value of
    :attr:`status_code`.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.streaming

    This is always ``False``.

    This attribute exists so middleware can treat streaming responses
    differently from regular responses.

.. attribute:: HttpResponse.closed

    ``True`` if the response has been closed.

Methods
-------

.. method:: HttpResponse.__init__(content=b'', content_type=None, status=200, reason=None, charset=None, headers=None)

    Instantiates an ``HttpResponse`` object with the given page content,
    content type, and headers.

    ``content`` is most commonly an iterator, bytestring, :class:`memoryview`,
    or string. Other types will be converted to a bytestring by encoding their
    string representation. Iterators should return strings or bytestrings and
    those will be joined together to form the content of the response.

    ``content_type`` is the MIME type optionally completed by a character set
    encoding and is used to fill the HTTP ``Content-Type`` header. If not
    specified, it is formed by ``'text/html'`` and the
    :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` settings, by default:
    ``"text/html; charset=utf-8"``.

    ``status`` is the :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.
    You can use Python's :py:class:`http.HTTPStatus` for meaningful aliases,
    such as ``HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT``.

    ``reason`` is the HTTP response phrase. If not provided, a default phrase
    will be used.

    ``charset`` is the charset in which the response will be encoded. If not
    given it will be extracted from ``content_type``, and if that
    is unsuccessful, the :setting:`DEFAULT_CHARSET` setting will be used.

    ``headers`` is a :class:`dict` of HTTP headers for the response.

    .. versionchanged:: 3.2

        The ``headers`` parameter was added.

.. method:: HttpResponse.__setitem__(header, value)

    Sets the given header name to the given value. Both ``header`` and
    ``value`` should be strings.

.. method:: HttpResponse.__delitem__(header)

    Deletes the header with the given name. Fails silently if the header
    doesn't exist. Case-insensitive.

.. method:: HttpResponse.__getitem__(header)

    Returns the value for the given header name. Case-insensitive.

.. method:: HttpResponse.get(header, alternate=None)

    Returns the value for the given header, or an ``alternate`` if the header
    doesn't exist.

.. method:: HttpResponse.has_header(header)

    Returns ``True`` or ``False`` based on a case-insensitive check for a
    header with the given name.

.. method:: HttpResponse.items()

    Acts like :meth:`dict.items` for HTTP headers on the response.

.. method:: HttpResponse.setdefault(header, value)

    Sets a header unless it has already been set.

.. method:: HttpResponse.set_cookie(key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None)

    Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the
    :class:`~http.cookies.Morsel` cookie object in the Python standard library.

    * ``max_age`` should be an integer number of seconds, or ``None`` (default)
      if the cookie should last only as long as the client's browser session.
      If ``expires`` is not specified, it will be calculated.
    * ``expires`` should either be a string in the format
      ``"Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT"`` or a ``datetime.datetime`` object
      in UTC. If ``expires`` is a ``datetime`` object, the ``max_age``
      will be calculated.
    * Use ``domain`` if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example,
      ``domain="example.com"`` will set a cookie that is readable by the
      domains www.example.com, blog.example.com, etc. Otherwise, a cookie will
      only be readable by the domain that set it.
    * Use ``secure=True`` if you want the cookie to be only sent to the server
      when a request is made with the ``https`` scheme.
    * Use ``httponly=True`` if you want to prevent client-side
      JavaScript from having access to the cookie.

      HttpOnly_ is a flag included in a Set-Cookie HTTP response header. It's
      part of the :rfc:`RFC 6265 <6265#section-4.1.2.6>` standard for cookies
      and can be a useful way to mitigate the risk of a client-side script
      accessing the protected cookie data.
    * Use ``samesite='Strict'`` or ``samesite='Lax'`` to tell the browser not
      to send this cookie when performing a cross-origin request. `SameSite`_
      isn't supported by all browsers, so it's not a replacement for Django's
      CSRF protection, but rather a defense in depth measure.

      Use ``samesite='None'`` (string) to explicitly state that this cookie is
      sent with all same-site and cross-site requests.

    .. _HttpOnly: https://owasp.org/www-community/HttpOnly
    .. _SameSite: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie/SameSite

    .. versionchanged:: 3.1

        Using ``samesite='None'`` (string) was allowed.

    .. warning::

        :rfc:`RFC 6265 <6265#section-6.1>` states that user agents should
        support cookies of at least 4096 bytes. For many browsers this is also
        the maximum size. Django will not raise an exception if there's an
        attempt to store a cookie of more than 4096 bytes, but many browsers
        will not set the cookie correctly.

.. method:: HttpResponse.set_signed_cookie(key, value, salt='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None)

    Like :meth:`~HttpResponse.set_cookie()`, but
    :doc:`cryptographic signing </topics/signing>` the cookie before setting
    it. Use in conjunction with :meth:`HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie`.
    You can use the optional ``salt`` argument for added key strength, but
    you will need to remember to pass it to the corresponding
    :meth:`HttpRequest.get_signed_cookie` call.

    .. versionchanged:: 3.1

        Using ``samesite='None'`` (string) was allowed.

.. method:: HttpResponse.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None, samesite=None)

    Deletes the cookie with the given key. Fails silently if the key doesn't
    exist.

    Due to the way cookies work, ``path`` and ``domain`` should be the same
    values you used in ``set_cookie()`` -- otherwise the cookie may not be
    deleted.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.2.15

        The ``samesite`` argument was added.

.. method:: HttpResponse.close()

    This method is called at the end of the request directly by the WSGI
    server.

.. method:: HttpResponse.write(content)

    This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.flush()

    This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.tell()

    This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a file-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.getvalue()

    Returns the value of :attr:`HttpResponse.content`. This method makes
    an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.readable()

    Always ``False``. This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a
    stream-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.seekable()

    Always ``False``. This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a
    stream-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.writable()

    Always ``True``. This method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a
    stream-like object.

.. method:: HttpResponse.writelines(lines)

    Writes a list of lines to the response. Line separators are not added. This
    method makes an :class:`HttpResponse` instance a stream-like object.

.. _ref-httpresponse-subclasses:

``HttpResponse`` subclasses
---------------------------

Django includes a number of ``HttpResponse`` subclasses that handle different
types of HTTP responses. Like ``HttpResponse``, these subclasses live in
:mod:`django.http`.

.. class:: HttpResponseRedirect

    The first argument to the constructor is required -- the path to redirect
    to. This can be a fully qualified URL
    (e.g. ``'https://www.yahoo.com/search/'``), an absolute path with no domain
    (e.g. ``'/search/'``), or even a relative path (e.g. ``'search/'``). In that
    last case, the client browser will reconstruct the full URL itself
    according to the current path. See :class:`HttpResponse` for other optional
    constructor arguments. Note that this returns an HTTP status code 302.

    .. attribute:: HttpResponseRedirect.url

        This read-only attribute represents the URL the response will redirect
        to (equivalent to the ``Location`` response header).

.. class:: HttpResponsePermanentRedirect

    Like :class:`HttpResponseRedirect`, but it returns a permanent redirect
    (HTTP status code 301) instead of a "found" redirect (status code 302).

.. class:: HttpResponseNotModified

    The constructor doesn't take any arguments and no content should be added
    to this response. Use this to designate that a page hasn't been modified
    since the user's last request (status code 304).

.. class:: HttpResponseBadRequest

    Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 400 status code.

.. class:: HttpResponseNotFound

    Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 404 status code.

.. class:: HttpResponseForbidden

    Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 403 status code.

.. class:: HttpResponseNotAllowed

    Like :class:`HttpResponse`, but uses a 405 status code. The first argument
    to the constructor is required: a list of permitted methods (e.g.
    ``['GET', 'POST']``).

.. class:: HttpResponseGone

    Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 410 status code.

.. class:: HttpResponseServerError

    Acts just like :class:`HttpResponse` but uses a 500 status code.

.. note::

    If a custom subclass of :class:`HttpResponse` implements a ``render``
    method, Django will treat it as emulating a
    :class:`~django.template.response.SimpleTemplateResponse`, and the
    ``render`` method must itself return a valid response object.

Custom response classes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you find yourself needing a response class that Django doesn't provide, you
can create it with the help of :py:class:`http.HTTPStatus`. For example::

    from http import HTTPStatus
    from django.http import HttpResponse

    class HttpResponseNoContent(HttpResponse):
        status_code = HTTPStatus.NO_CONTENT

``JsonResponse`` objects
========================

.. class:: JsonResponse(data, encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, safe=True, json_dumps_params=None, **kwargs)

    An :class:`HttpResponse` subclass that helps to create a JSON-encoded
    response. It inherits most behavior from its superclass with a couple
    differences:

    Its default ``Content-Type`` header is set to :mimetype:`application/json`.

    The first parameter, ``data``, should be a ``dict`` instance. If the
    ``safe`` parameter is set to ``False`` (see below) it can be any
    JSON-serializable object.

    The ``encoder``, which defaults to
    :class:`django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder`, will be used to
    serialize the data. See :ref:`JSON serialization
    <serialization-formats-json>` for more details about this serializer.

    The ``safe`` boolean parameter defaults to ``True``. If it's set to
    ``False``, any object can be passed for serialization (otherwise only
    ``dict`` instances are allowed). If ``safe`` is ``True`` and a non-``dict``
    object is passed as the first argument, a :exc:`TypeError` will be raised.

    The ``json_dumps_params`` parameter is a dictionary of keyword arguments
    to pass to the ``json.dumps()`` call used to generate the response.

Usage
-----

Typical usage could look like::

    >>> from django.http import JsonResponse
    >>> response = JsonResponse({'foo': 'bar'})
    >>> response.content
    b'{"foo": "bar"}'

Serializing non-dictionary objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to serialize objects other than ``dict`` you must set the ``safe``
parameter to ``False``::

    >>> response = JsonResponse([1, 2, 3], safe=False)

Without passing ``safe=False``, a :exc:`TypeError` will be raised.

.. warning::

    Before the `5th edition of ECMAScript
    <https://262.ecma-international.org/5.1/#sec-11.1.4>`_ it was possible to
    poison the JavaScript ``Array`` constructor. For this reason, Django does
    not allow passing non-dict objects to the
    :class:`~django.http.JsonResponse` constructor by default.  However, most
    modern browsers implement EcmaScript 5 which removes this attack vector.
    Therefore it is possible to disable this security precaution.

Changing the default JSON encoder
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you need to use a different JSON encoder class you can pass the ``encoder``
parameter to the constructor method::

    >>> response = JsonResponse(data, encoder=MyJSONEncoder)

.. _httpresponse-streaming:

``StreamingHttpResponse`` objects
=================================

.. class:: StreamingHttpResponse

The :class:`StreamingHttpResponse` class is used to stream a response from
Django to the browser. You might want to do this if generating the response
takes too long or uses too much memory. For instance, it's useful for
:ref:`generating large CSV files <streaming-csv-files>`.

.. admonition:: Performance considerations

    Django is designed for short-lived requests. Streaming responses will tie
    a worker process for the entire duration of the response. This may result
    in poor performance.

    Generally speaking, you should perform expensive tasks outside of the
    request-response cycle, rather than resorting to a streamed response.

The :class:`StreamingHttpResponse` is not a subclass of :class:`HttpResponse`,
because it features a slightly different API. However, it is almost identical,
with the following notable differences:

* It should be given an iterator that yields bytestrings as content.

* You cannot access its content, except by iterating the response object
  itself. This should only occur when the response is returned to the client.

* It has no ``content`` attribute. Instead, it has a
  :attr:`~StreamingHttpResponse.streaming_content` attribute.

* You cannot use the file-like object ``tell()`` or ``write()`` methods.
  Doing so will raise an exception.

:class:`StreamingHttpResponse` should only be used in situations where it is
absolutely required that the whole content isn't iterated before transferring
the data to the client. Because the content can't be accessed, many
middleware can't function normally. For example the ``ETag`` and
``Content-Length`` headers can't be generated for streaming responses.

Attributes
----------

.. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.streaming_content

    An iterator of the response content, bytestring encoded according to
    :attr:`HttpResponse.charset`.

.. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.status_code

    The :rfc:`HTTP status code <7231#section-6>` for the response.

    Unless :attr:`reason_phrase` is explicitly set, modifying the value of
    ``status_code`` outside the constructor will also modify the value of
    ``reason_phrase``.

.. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.reason_phrase

    The HTTP reason phrase for the response. It uses the :rfc:`HTTP standard's
    <7231#section-6.1>` default reason phrases.

    Unless explicitly set, ``reason_phrase`` is determined by the value of
    :attr:`status_code`.

.. attribute:: StreamingHttpResponse.streaming

    This is always ``True``.

``FileResponse`` objects
========================

.. class:: FileResponse(open_file, as_attachment=False, filename='', **kwargs)

    :class:`FileResponse` is a subclass of :class:`StreamingHttpResponse`
    optimized for binary files. It uses :pep:`wsgi.file_wrapper
    <3333#optional-platform-specific-file-handling>` if provided by the wsgi
    server, otherwise it streams the file out in small chunks.

    If ``as_attachment=True``, the ``Content-Disposition`` header is set to
    ``attachment``, which asks the browser to offer the file to the user as a
    download. Otherwise, a ``Content-Disposition`` header with a value of
    ``inline`` (the browser default) will be set only if a filename is
    available.

    If ``open_file`` doesn't have a name or if the name of ``open_file`` isn't
    appropriate, provide a custom file name using the ``filename``  parameter.
    Note that if you pass a file-like object like ``io.BytesIO``, it's your
    task to ``seek()`` it before passing it to ``FileResponse``.

    The ``Content-Length`` and ``Content-Type`` headers are automatically set
    when they can be guessed from contents of ``open_file``.

``FileResponse`` accepts any file-like object with binary content, for example
a file open in binary mode like so::

    >>> from django.http import FileResponse
    >>> response = FileResponse(open('myfile.png', 'rb'))

The file will be closed automatically, so don't open it with a context manager.

Methods
-------

.. method:: FileResponse.set_headers(open_file)

    This method is automatically called during the response initialization and
    set various headers (``Content-Length``, ``Content-Type``, and
    ``Content-Disposition``) depending on ``open_file``.
