from sympy.core import S, Add, Mul, sympify, Symbol, Dummy, Basic
from sympy.core.expr import Expr
from sympy.core.exprtools import factor_terms
from sympy.core.function import (Function, Derivative, ArgumentIndexError,
    AppliedUndef)
from sympy.core.logic import fuzzy_not, fuzzy_or
from sympy.core.numbers import pi, I, oo
from sympy.core.relational import Eq
from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, exp_polar, log
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling
from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import sqrt
from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise
from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import atan, atan2

###############################################################################
######################### REAL and IMAGINARY PARTS ############################
###############################################################################


class re(Function):
    """
    Returns real part of expression. This function performs only
    elementary analysis and so it will fail to decompose properly
    more complicated expressions. If completely simplified result
    is needed then use Basic.as_real_imag() or perform complex
    expansion on instance of this function.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import re, im, I, E, symbols
    >>> x, y = symbols('x y', real=True)
    >>> re(2*E)
    2*E
    >>> re(2*I + 17)
    17
    >>> re(2*I)
    0
    >>> re(im(x) + x*I + 2)
    2
    >>> re(5 + I + 2)
    7

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    Returns
    =======

    expr : Expr
        Real part of expression.

    See Also
    ========

    im
    """

    is_extended_real = True
    unbranched = True  # implicitly works on the projection to C
    _singularities = True  # non-holomorphic

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        if arg is S.NaN:
            return S.NaN
        elif arg is S.ComplexInfinity:
            return S.NaN
        elif arg.is_extended_real:
            return arg
        elif arg.is_imaginary or (S.ImaginaryUnit*arg).is_extended_real:
            return S.Zero
        elif arg.is_Matrix:
            return arg.as_real_imag()[0]
        elif arg.is_Function and isinstance(arg, conjugate):
            return re(arg.args[0])
        else:

            included, reverted, excluded = [], [], []
            args = Add.make_args(arg)
            for term in args:
                coeff = term.as_coefficient(S.ImaginaryUnit)

                if coeff is not None:
                    if not coeff.is_extended_real:
                        reverted.append(coeff)
                elif not term.has(S.ImaginaryUnit) and term.is_extended_real:
                    excluded.append(term)
                else:
                    # Try to do some advanced expansion.  If
                    # impossible, don't try to do re(arg) again
                    # (because this is what we are trying to do now).
                    real_imag = term.as_real_imag(ignore=arg)
                    if real_imag:
                        excluded.append(real_imag[0])
                    else:
                        included.append(term)

            if len(args) != len(included):
                a, b, c = (Add(*xs) for xs in [included, reverted, excluded])

                return cls(a) - im(b) + c

    def as_real_imag(self, deep=True, **hints):
        """
        Returns the real number with a zero imaginary part.

        """
        return (self, S.Zero)

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        if x.is_extended_real or self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return re(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))
        if x.is_imaginary or self.args[0].is_imaginary:
            return -S.ImaginaryUnit \
                * im(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))

    def _eval_rewrite_as_im(self, arg, **kwargs):
        return self.args[0] - S.ImaginaryUnit*im(self.args[0])

    def _eval_is_algebraic(self):
        return self.args[0].is_algebraic

    def _eval_is_zero(self):
        # is_imaginary implies nonzero
        return fuzzy_or([self.args[0].is_imaginary, self.args[0].is_zero])

    def _eval_is_finite(self):
        if self.args[0].is_finite:
            return True

    def _eval_is_complex(self):
        if self.args[0].is_finite:
            return True

    def _sage_(self):
        import sage.all as sage
        return sage.real_part(self.args[0]._sage_())


class im(Function):
    """
    Returns imaginary part of expression. This function performs only
    elementary analysis and so it will fail to decompose properly more
    complicated expressions. If completely simplified result is needed then
    use Basic.as_real_imag() or perform complex expansion on instance of
    this function.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import re, im, E, I
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, y
    >>> im(2*E)
    0
    >>> im(2*I + 17)
    2
    >>> im(x*I)
    re(x)
    >>> im(re(x) + y)
    im(y)
    >>> im(2 + 3*I)
    3

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    Returns
    =======

    expr : Expr
        Imaginary part of expression.

    See Also
    ========

    re
    """

    is_extended_real = True
    unbranched = True  # implicitly works on the projection to C
    _singularities = True  # non-holomorphic

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        if arg is S.NaN:
            return S.NaN
        elif arg is S.ComplexInfinity:
            return S.NaN
        elif arg.is_extended_real:
            return S.Zero
        elif arg.is_imaginary or (S.ImaginaryUnit*arg).is_extended_real:
            return -S.ImaginaryUnit * arg
        elif arg.is_Matrix:
            return arg.as_real_imag()[1]
        elif arg.is_Function and isinstance(arg, conjugate):
            return -im(arg.args[0])
        else:
            included, reverted, excluded = [], [], []
            args = Add.make_args(arg)
            for term in args:
                coeff = term.as_coefficient(S.ImaginaryUnit)

                if coeff is not None:
                    if not coeff.is_extended_real:
                        reverted.append(coeff)
                    else:
                        excluded.append(coeff)
                elif term.has(S.ImaginaryUnit) or not term.is_extended_real:
                    # Try to do some advanced expansion.  If
                    # impossible, don't try to do im(arg) again
                    # (because this is what we are trying to do now).
                    real_imag = term.as_real_imag(ignore=arg)
                    if real_imag:
                        excluded.append(real_imag[1])
                    else:
                        included.append(term)

            if len(args) != len(included):
                a, b, c = (Add(*xs) for xs in [included, reverted, excluded])

                return cls(a) + re(b) + c

    def as_real_imag(self, deep=True, **hints):
        """
        Return the imaginary part with a zero real part.

        """
        return (self, S.Zero)

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        if x.is_extended_real or self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return im(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))
        if x.is_imaginary or self.args[0].is_imaginary:
            return -S.ImaginaryUnit \
                * re(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))

    def _sage_(self):
        import sage.all as sage
        return sage.imag_part(self.args[0]._sage_())

    def _eval_rewrite_as_re(self, arg, **kwargs):
        return -S.ImaginaryUnit*(self.args[0] - re(self.args[0]))

    def _eval_is_algebraic(self):
        return self.args[0].is_algebraic

    def _eval_is_zero(self):
        return self.args[0].is_extended_real

    def _eval_is_finite(self):
        if self.args[0].is_finite:
            return True

    def _eval_is_complex(self):
        if self.args[0].is_finite:
            return True

###############################################################################
############### SIGN, ABSOLUTE VALUE, ARGUMENT and CONJUGATION ################
###############################################################################

class sign(Function):
    """
    Returns the complex sign of an expression:

    Explanation
    ===========

    If the expression is real the sign will be:

        * 1 if expression is positive
        * 0 if expression is equal to zero
        * -1 if expression is negative

    If the expression is imaginary the sign will be:

        * I if im(expression) is positive
        * -I if im(expression) is negative

    Otherwise an unevaluated expression will be returned. When evaluated, the
    result (in general) will be ``cos(arg(expr)) + I*sin(arg(expr))``.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.functions import sign
    >>> from sympy.core.numbers import I

    >>> sign(-1)
    -1
    >>> sign(0)
    0
    >>> sign(-3*I)
    -I
    >>> sign(1 + I)
    sign(1 + I)
    >>> _.evalf()
    0.707106781186548 + 0.707106781186548*I

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or imaginary expression.

    Returns
    =======

    expr : Expr
        Complex sign of expression.

    See Also
    ========

    Abs, conjugate
    """

    is_complex = True
    _singularities = True

    def doit(self, **hints):
        if self.args[0].is_zero is False:
            return self.args[0] / Abs(self.args[0])
        return self

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        # handle what we can
        if arg.is_Mul:
            c, args = arg.as_coeff_mul()
            unk = []
            s = sign(c)
            for a in args:
                if a.is_extended_negative:
                    s = -s
                elif a.is_extended_positive:
                    pass
                else:
                    if a.is_imaginary:
                        ai = im(a)
                        if ai.is_comparable:  # i.e. a = I*real
                            s *= S.ImaginaryUnit
                            if ai.is_extended_negative:
                                # can't use sign(ai) here since ai might not be
                                # a Number
                                s = -s
                        else:
                            unk.append(a)
                    else:
                        unk.append(a)
            if c is S.One and len(unk) == len(args):
                return None
            return s * cls(arg._new_rawargs(*unk))
        if arg is S.NaN:
            return S.NaN
        if arg.is_zero:  # it may be an Expr that is zero
            return S.Zero
        if arg.is_extended_positive:
            return S.One
        if arg.is_extended_negative:
            return S.NegativeOne
        if arg.is_Function:
            if isinstance(arg, sign):
                return arg
        if arg.is_imaginary:
            if arg.is_Pow and arg.exp is S.Half:
                # we catch this because non-trivial sqrt args are not expanded
                # e.g. sqrt(1-sqrt(2)) --x-->  to I*sqrt(sqrt(2) - 1)
                return S.ImaginaryUnit
            arg2 = -S.ImaginaryUnit * arg
            if arg2.is_extended_positive:
                return S.ImaginaryUnit
            if arg2.is_extended_negative:
                return -S.ImaginaryUnit

    def _eval_Abs(self):
        if fuzzy_not(self.args[0].is_zero):
            return S.One

    def _eval_conjugate(self):
        return sign(conjugate(self.args[0]))

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import DiracDelta
            return 2 * Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True) \
                * DiracDelta(self.args[0])
        elif self.args[0].is_imaginary:
            from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import DiracDelta
            return 2 * Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True) \
                * DiracDelta(-S.ImaginaryUnit * self.args[0])

    def _eval_is_nonnegative(self):
        if self.args[0].is_nonnegative:
            return True

    def _eval_is_nonpositive(self):
        if self.args[0].is_nonpositive:
            return True

    def _eval_is_imaginary(self):
        return self.args[0].is_imaginary

    def _eval_is_integer(self):
        return self.args[0].is_extended_real

    def _eval_is_zero(self):
        return self.args[0].is_zero

    def _eval_power(self, other):
        if (
            fuzzy_not(self.args[0].is_zero) and
            other.is_integer and
            other.is_even
        ):
            return S.One

    def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx, cdir=0):
        arg0 = self.args[0]
        x0 = arg0.subs(x, 0)
        if x0 != 0:
            return self.func(x0)
        if cdir != 0:
            cdir = arg0.dir(x, cdir)
        return -S.One if re(cdir) < 0 else S.One

    def _sage_(self):
        import sage.all as sage
        return sage.sgn(self.args[0]._sage_())

    def _eval_rewrite_as_Piecewise(self, arg, **kwargs):
        if arg.is_extended_real:
            return Piecewise((1, arg > 0), (-1, arg < 0), (0, True))

    def _eval_rewrite_as_Heaviside(self, arg, **kwargs):
        from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import Heaviside
        if arg.is_extended_real:
            return Heaviside(arg, H0=S(1)/2) * 2 - 1

    def _eval_rewrite_as_Abs(self, arg, **kwargs):
        return Piecewise((0, Eq(arg, 0)), (arg / Abs(arg), True))

    def _eval_simplify(self, **kwargs):
        return self.func(factor_terms(self.args[0]))  # XXX include doit?


class Abs(Function):
    """
    Return the absolute value of the argument.

    Explanation
    ===========

    This is an extension of the built-in function abs() to accept symbolic
    values.  If you pass a SymPy expression to the built-in abs(), it will
    pass it automatically to Abs().

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Abs, Symbol, S, I
    >>> Abs(-1)
    1
    >>> x = Symbol('x', real=True)
    >>> Abs(-x)
    Abs(x)
    >>> Abs(x**2)
    x**2
    >>> abs(-x) # The Python built-in
    Abs(x)
    >>> Abs(3*x + 2*I)
    sqrt(9*x**2 + 4)
    >>> Abs(8*I)
    8

    Note that the Python built-in will return either an Expr or int depending on
    the argument::

        >>> type(abs(-1))
        <... 'int'>
        >>> type(abs(S.NegativeOne))
        <class 'sympy.core.numbers.One'>

    Abs will always return a sympy object.

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    Returns
    =======

    expr : Expr
        Absolute value returned can be an expression or integer depending on
        input arg.

    See Also
    ========

    sign, conjugate
    """

    is_extended_real = True
    is_extended_negative = False
    is_extended_nonnegative = True
    unbranched = True
    _singularities = True  # non-holomorphic

    def fdiff(self, argindex=1):
        """
        Get the first derivative of the argument to Abs().

        """
        if argindex == 1:
            return sign(self.args[0])
        else:
            raise ArgumentIndexError(self, argindex)

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        from sympy.simplify.simplify import signsimp
        from sympy.core.function import expand_mul
        from sympy.core.power import Pow

        if hasattr(arg, '_eval_Abs'):
            obj = arg._eval_Abs()
            if obj is not None:
                return obj
        if not isinstance(arg, Expr):
            raise TypeError("Bad argument type for Abs(): %s" % type(arg))
        # handle what we can
        arg = signsimp(arg, evaluate=False)
        n, d = arg.as_numer_denom()
        if d.free_symbols and not n.free_symbols:
            return cls(n)/cls(d)

        if arg.is_Mul:
            known = []
            unk = []
            for t in arg.args:
                if t.is_Pow and t.exp.is_integer and t.exp.is_negative:
                    bnew = cls(t.base)
                    if isinstance(bnew, cls):
                        unk.append(t)
                    else:
                        known.append(Pow(bnew, t.exp))
                else:
                    tnew = cls(t)
                    if isinstance(tnew, cls):
                        unk.append(t)
                    else:
                        known.append(tnew)
            known = Mul(*known)
            unk = cls(Mul(*unk), evaluate=False) if unk else S.One
            return known*unk
        if arg is S.NaN:
            return S.NaN
        if arg is S.ComplexInfinity:
            return S.Infinity
        if arg.is_Pow:
            base, exponent = arg.as_base_exp()
            if base.is_extended_real:
                if exponent.is_integer:
                    if exponent.is_even:
                        return arg
                    if base is S.NegativeOne:
                        return S.One
                    return Abs(base)**exponent
                if base.is_extended_nonnegative:
                    return base**re(exponent)
                if base.is_extended_negative:
                    return (-base)**re(exponent)*exp(-S.Pi*im(exponent))
                return
            elif not base.has(Symbol): # complex base
                # express base**exponent as exp(exponent*log(base))
                a, b = log(base).as_real_imag()
                z = a + I*b
                return exp(re(exponent*z))
        if isinstance(arg, exp):
            return exp(re(arg.args[0]))
        if isinstance(arg, AppliedUndef):
            return
        if arg.is_Add and arg.has(S.Infinity, S.NegativeInfinity):
            if any(a.is_infinite for a in arg.as_real_imag()):
                return S.Infinity
        if arg.is_zero:
            return S.Zero
        if arg.is_extended_nonnegative:
            return arg
        if arg.is_extended_nonpositive:
            return -arg
        if arg.is_imaginary:
            arg2 = -S.ImaginaryUnit * arg
            if arg2.is_extended_nonnegative:
                return arg2
        # reject result if all new conjugates are just wrappers around
        # an expression that was already in the arg
        conj = signsimp(arg.conjugate(), evaluate=False)
        new_conj = conj.atoms(conjugate) - arg.atoms(conjugate)
        if new_conj and all(arg.has(i.args[0]) for i in new_conj):
            return
        if arg != conj and arg != -conj:
            ignore = arg.atoms(Abs)
            abs_free_arg = arg.xreplace({i: Dummy(real=True) for i in ignore})
            unk = [a for a in abs_free_arg.free_symbols if a.is_extended_real is None]
            if not unk or not all(conj.has(conjugate(u)) for u in unk):
                return sqrt(expand_mul(arg*conj))

    def _eval_is_real(self):
        if self.args[0].is_finite:
            return True

    def _eval_is_integer(self):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return self.args[0].is_integer

    def _eval_is_extended_nonzero(self):
        return fuzzy_not(self._args[0].is_zero)

    def _eval_is_zero(self):
        return self._args[0].is_zero

    def _eval_is_extended_positive(self):
        is_z = self.is_zero
        if is_z is not None:
            return not is_z

    def _eval_is_rational(self):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return self.args[0].is_rational

    def _eval_is_even(self):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return self.args[0].is_even

    def _eval_is_odd(self):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real:
            return self.args[0].is_odd

    def _eval_is_algebraic(self):
        return self.args[0].is_algebraic

    def _eval_power(self, exponent):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real and exponent.is_integer:
            if exponent.is_even:
                return self.args[0]**exponent
            elif exponent is not S.NegativeOne and exponent.is_Integer:
                return self.args[0]**(exponent - 1)*self
        return

    def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx, cdir=0):
        direction = self.args[0].leadterm(x)[0]
        if direction.has(log(x)):
            direction = direction.subs(log(x), logx)
        s = self.args[0]._eval_nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx)
        return (sign(direction)*s).expand()

    def _sage_(self):
        import sage.all as sage
        return sage.abs_symbolic(self.args[0]._sage_())

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        if self.args[0].is_extended_real or self.args[0].is_imaginary:
            return Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True) \
                * sign(conjugate(self.args[0]))
        rv = (re(self.args[0]) * Derivative(re(self.args[0]), x,
            evaluate=True) + im(self.args[0]) * Derivative(im(self.args[0]),
                x, evaluate=True)) / Abs(self.args[0])
        return rv.rewrite(sign)

    def _eval_rewrite_as_Heaviside(self, arg, **kwargs):
        # Note this only holds for real arg (since Heaviside is not defined
        # for complex arguments).
        from sympy.functions.special.delta_functions import Heaviside
        if arg.is_extended_real:
            return arg*(Heaviside(arg) - Heaviside(-arg))

    def _eval_rewrite_as_Piecewise(self, arg, **kwargs):
        if arg.is_extended_real:
            return Piecewise((arg, arg >= 0), (-arg, True))
        elif arg.is_imaginary:
            return Piecewise((I*arg, I*arg >= 0), (-I*arg, True))

    def _eval_rewrite_as_sign(self, arg, **kwargs):
        return arg/sign(arg)

    def _eval_rewrite_as_conjugate(self, arg, **kwargs):
        return (arg*conjugate(arg))**S.Half


class arg(Function):
    """
    Returns the argument (in radians) of a complex number. For a positive
    number, the argument is always 0.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.functions import arg
    >>> from sympy import I, sqrt
    >>> arg(2.0)
    0
    >>> arg(I)
    pi/2
    >>> arg(sqrt(2) + I*sqrt(2))
    pi/4
    >>> arg(sqrt(3)/2 + I/2)
    pi/6
    >>> arg(4 + 3*I)
    atan(3/4)
    >>> arg(0.8 + 0.6*I)
    0.643501108793284

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    Returns
    =======

    value : Expr
        Returns arc tangent of arg measured in radians.

    """

    is_extended_real = True
    is_real = True
    is_finite = True
    _singularities = True  # non-holomorphic

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        if isinstance(arg, exp_polar):
            return periodic_argument(arg, oo)
        if not arg.is_Atom:
            c, arg_ = factor_terms(arg).as_coeff_Mul()
            if arg_.is_Mul:
                arg_ = Mul(*[a if (sign(a) not in (-1, 1)) else
                    sign(a) for a in arg_.args])
            arg_ = sign(c)*arg_
        else:
            arg_ = arg
        if arg_.atoms(AppliedUndef):
            return
        x, y = arg_.as_real_imag()
        rv = atan2(y, x)
        if rv.is_number:
            return rv
        if arg_ != arg:
            return cls(arg_, evaluate=False)

    def _eval_derivative(self, t):
        x, y = self.args[0].as_real_imag()
        return (x * Derivative(y, t, evaluate=True) - y *
                    Derivative(x, t, evaluate=True)) / (x**2 + y**2)

    def _eval_rewrite_as_atan2(self, arg, **kwargs):
        x, y = self.args[0].as_real_imag()
        return atan2(y, x)


class conjugate(Function):
    """
    Returns the `complex conjugate` Ref[1] of an argument.
    In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number
    is given by changing the sign of the imaginary part.

    Thus, the conjugate of the complex number
    :math:`a + ib` (where a and b are real numbers) is :math:`a - ib`

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import conjugate, I
    >>> conjugate(2)
    2
    >>> conjugate(I)
    -I
    >>> conjugate(3 + 2*I)
    3 - 2*I
    >>> conjugate(5 - I)
    5 + I

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    Returns
    =======

    arg : Expr
        Complex conjugate of arg as real, imaginary or mixed expression.

    See Also
    ========

    sign, Abs

    References
    ==========

    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugation
    """
    _singularities = True  # non-holomorphic

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        obj = arg._eval_conjugate()
        if obj is not None:
            return obj

    def _eval_Abs(self):
        return Abs(self.args[0], evaluate=True)

    def _eval_adjoint(self):
        return transpose(self.args[0])

    def _eval_conjugate(self):
        return self.args[0]

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        if x.is_real:
            return conjugate(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))
        elif x.is_imaginary:
            return -conjugate(Derivative(self.args[0], x, evaluate=True))

    def _eval_transpose(self):
        return adjoint(self.args[0])

    def _eval_is_algebraic(self):
        return self.args[0].is_algebraic


class transpose(Function):
    """
    Linear map transposition.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy.functions import transpose
    >>> from sympy.matrices import MatrixSymbol
    >>> from sympy import Matrix
    >>> A = MatrixSymbol('A', 25, 9)
    >>> transpose(A)
    A.T
    >>> B = MatrixSymbol('B', 9, 22)
    >>> transpose(B)
    B.T
    >>> transpose(A*B)
    B.T*A.T
    >>> M = Matrix([[4, 5], [2, 1], [90, 12]])
    >>> M
    Matrix([
    [ 4,  5],
    [ 2,  1],
    [90, 12]])
    >>> transpose(M)
    Matrix([
    [4, 2, 90],
    [5, 1, 12]])

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Matrix
         Matrix or matrix expression to take the transpose of.

    Returns
    =======

    value : Matrix
        Transpose of arg.

    """

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        obj = arg._eval_transpose()
        if obj is not None:
            return obj

    def _eval_adjoint(self):
        return conjugate(self.args[0])

    def _eval_conjugate(self):
        return adjoint(self.args[0])

    def _eval_transpose(self):
        return self.args[0]


class adjoint(Function):
    """
    Conjugate transpose or Hermite conjugation.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import adjoint
    >>> from sympy.matrices import MatrixSymbol
    >>> A = MatrixSymbol('A', 10, 5)
    >>> adjoint(A)
    Adjoint(A)

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Matrix
        Matrix or matrix expression to take the adjoint of.

    Returns
    =======

    value : Matrix
        Represents the conjugate transpose or Hermite
        conjugation of arg.

    """

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        obj = arg._eval_adjoint()
        if obj is not None:
            return obj
        obj = arg._eval_transpose()
        if obj is not None:
            return conjugate(obj)

    def _eval_adjoint(self):
        return self.args[0]

    def _eval_conjugate(self):
        return transpose(self.args[0])

    def _eval_transpose(self):
        return conjugate(self.args[0])

    def _latex(self, printer, exp=None, *args):
        arg = printer._print(self.args[0])
        tex = r'%s^{\dagger}' % arg
        if exp:
            tex = r'\left(%s\right)^{%s}' % (tex, exp)
        return tex

    def _pretty(self, printer, *args):
        from sympy.printing.pretty.stringpict import prettyForm
        pform = printer._print(self.args[0], *args)
        if printer._use_unicode:
            pform = pform**prettyForm('\N{DAGGER}')
        else:
            pform = pform**prettyForm('+')
        return pform

###############################################################################
############### HANDLING OF POLAR NUMBERS #####################################
###############################################################################


class polar_lift(Function):
    """
    Lift argument to the Riemann surface of the logarithm, using the
    standard branch.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Symbol, polar_lift, I
    >>> p = Symbol('p', polar=True)
    >>> x = Symbol('x')
    >>> polar_lift(4)
    4*exp_polar(0)
    >>> polar_lift(-4)
    4*exp_polar(I*pi)
    >>> polar_lift(-I)
    exp_polar(-I*pi/2)
    >>> polar_lift(I + 2)
    polar_lift(2 + I)

    >>> polar_lift(4*x)
    4*polar_lift(x)
    >>> polar_lift(4*p)
    4*p

    Parameters
    ==========

    arg : Expr
        Real or complex expression.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.functions.elementary.exponential.exp_polar
    periodic_argument
    """

    is_polar = True
    is_comparable = False  # Cannot be evalf'd.

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, arg):
        from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import arg as argument
        if arg.is_number:
            ar = argument(arg)
            # In general we want to affirm that something is known,
            # e.g. `not ar.has(argument) and not ar.has(atan)`
            # but for now we will just be more restrictive and
            # see that it has evaluated to one of the known values.
            if ar in (0, pi/2, -pi/2, pi):
                return exp_polar(I*ar)*abs(arg)

        if arg.is_Mul:
            args = arg.args
        else:
            args = [arg]
        included = []
        excluded = []
        positive = []
        for arg in args:
            if arg.is_polar:
                included += [arg]
            elif arg.is_positive:
                positive += [arg]
            else:
                excluded += [arg]
        if len(excluded) < len(args):
            if excluded:
                return Mul(*(included + positive))*polar_lift(Mul(*excluded))
            elif included:
                return Mul(*(included + positive))
            else:
                return Mul(*positive)*exp_polar(0)

    def _eval_evalf(self, prec):
        """ Careful! any evalf of polar numbers is flaky """
        return self.args[0]._eval_evalf(prec)

    def _eval_Abs(self):
        return Abs(self.args[0], evaluate=True)


class periodic_argument(Function):
    """
    Represent the argument on a quotient of the Riemann surface of the
    logarithm. That is, given a period $P$, always return a value in
    (-P/2, P/2], by using exp(P*I) == 1.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import exp_polar, periodic_argument
    >>> from sympy import I, pi
    >>> periodic_argument(exp_polar(10*I*pi), 2*pi)
    0
    >>> periodic_argument(exp_polar(5*I*pi), 4*pi)
    pi
    >>> from sympy import exp_polar, periodic_argument
    >>> from sympy import I, pi
    >>> periodic_argument(exp_polar(5*I*pi), 2*pi)
    pi
    >>> periodic_argument(exp_polar(5*I*pi), 3*pi)
    -pi
    >>> periodic_argument(exp_polar(5*I*pi), pi)
    0

    Parameters
    ==========

    ar : Expr
        A polar number.

    period : ExprT
        The period $P$.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.functions.elementary.exponential.exp_polar
    polar_lift : Lift argument to the Riemann surface of the logarithm
    principal_branch
    """

    @classmethod
    def _getunbranched(cls, ar):
        if ar.is_Mul:
            args = ar.args
        else:
            args = [ar]
        unbranched = 0
        for a in args:
            if not a.is_polar:
                unbranched += arg(a)
            elif isinstance(a, exp_polar):
                unbranched += a.exp.as_real_imag()[1]
            elif a.is_Pow:
                re, im = a.exp.as_real_imag()
                unbranched += re*unbranched_argument(
                    a.base) + im*log(abs(a.base))
            elif isinstance(a, polar_lift):
                unbranched += arg(a.args[0])
            else:
                return None
        return unbranched

    @classmethod
    def eval(cls, ar, period):
        # Our strategy is to evaluate the argument on the Riemann surface of the
        # logarithm, and then reduce.
        # NOTE evidently this means it is a rather bad idea to use this with
        # period != 2*pi and non-polar numbers.
        if not period.is_extended_positive:
            return None
        if period == oo and isinstance(ar, principal_branch):
            return periodic_argument(*ar.args)
        if isinstance(ar, polar_lift) and period >= 2*pi:
            return periodic_argument(ar.args[0], period)
        if ar.is_Mul:
            newargs = [x for x in ar.args if not x.is_positive]
            if len(newargs) != len(ar.args):
                return periodic_argument(Mul(*newargs), period)
        unbranched = cls._getunbranched(ar)
        if unbranched is None:
            return None
        if unbranched.has(periodic_argument, atan2, atan):
            return None
        if period == oo:
            return unbranched
        if period != oo:
            n = ceiling(unbranched/period - S.Half)*period
            if not n.has(ceiling):
                return unbranched - n

    def _eval_evalf(self, prec):
        z, period = self.args
        if period == oo:
            unbranched = periodic_argument._getunbranched(z)
            if unbranched is None:
                return self
            return unbranched._eval_evalf(prec)
        ub = periodic_argument(z, oo)._eval_evalf(prec)
        return (ub - ceiling(ub/period - S.Half)*period)._eval_evalf(prec)


def unbranched_argument(arg):
    '''
    Returns periodic argument of arg with period as infinity.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import exp_polar, unbranched_argument
    >>> from sympy import I, pi
    >>> unbranched_argument(exp_polar(15*I*pi))
    15*pi
    >>> unbranched_argument(exp_polar(7*I*pi))
    7*pi

    See also
    ========

    periodic_argument
    '''
    return periodic_argument(arg, oo)


class principal_branch(Function):
    """
    Represent a polar number reduced to its principal branch on a quotient
    of the Riemann surface of the logarithm.

    Explanation
    ===========

    This is a function of two arguments. The first argument is a polar
    number `z`, and the second one a positive real number or infinity, `p`.
    The result is "z mod exp_polar(I*p)".

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import exp_polar, principal_branch, oo, I, pi
    >>> from sympy.abc import z
    >>> principal_branch(z, oo)
    z
    >>> principal_branch(exp_polar(2*pi*I)*3, 2*pi)
    3*exp_polar(0)
    >>> principal_branch(exp_polar(2*pi*I)*3*z, 2*pi)
    3*principal_branch(z, 2*pi)

    Parameters
    ==========

    x : Expr
        A polar number.

    period : Expr
        Positive real number or infinity.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.functions.elementary.exponential.exp_polar
    polar_lift : Lift argument to the Riemann surface of the logarithm
    periodic_argument
    """

    is_polar = True
    is_comparable = False  # cannot always be evalf'd

    @classmethod
    def eval(self, x, period):
        from sympy import oo, exp_polar, I, Mul, polar_lift, Symbol
        if isinstance(x, polar_lift):
            return principal_branch(x.args[0], period)
        if period == oo:
            return x
        ub = periodic_argument(x, oo)
        barg = periodic_argument(x, period)
        if ub != barg and not ub.has(periodic_argument) \
                and not barg.has(periodic_argument):
            pl = polar_lift(x)

            def mr(expr):
                if not isinstance(expr, Symbol):
                    return polar_lift(expr)
                return expr
            pl = pl.replace(polar_lift, mr)
            # Recompute unbranched argument
            ub = periodic_argument(pl, oo)
            if not pl.has(polar_lift):
                if ub != barg:
                    res = exp_polar(I*(barg - ub))*pl
                else:
                    res = pl
                if not res.is_polar and not res.has(exp_polar):
                    res *= exp_polar(0)
                return res

        if not x.free_symbols:
            c, m = x, ()
        else:
            c, m = x.as_coeff_mul(*x.free_symbols)
        others = []
        for y in m:
            if y.is_positive:
                c *= y
            else:
                others += [y]
        m = tuple(others)
        arg = periodic_argument(c, period)
        if arg.has(periodic_argument):
            return None
        if arg.is_number and (unbranched_argument(c) != arg or
                              (arg == 0 and m != () and c != 1)):
            if arg == 0:
                return abs(c)*principal_branch(Mul(*m), period)
            return principal_branch(exp_polar(I*arg)*Mul(*m), period)*abs(c)
        if arg.is_number and ((abs(arg) < period/2) == True or arg == period/2) \
                and m == ():
            return exp_polar(arg*I)*abs(c)

    def _eval_evalf(self, prec):
        from sympy import exp, pi, I
        z, period = self.args
        p = periodic_argument(z, period)._eval_evalf(prec)
        if abs(p) > pi or p == -pi:
            return self  # Cannot evalf for this argument.
        return (abs(z)*exp(I*p))._eval_evalf(prec)


def _polarify(eq, lift, pause=False):
    from sympy import Integral
    if eq.is_polar:
        return eq
    if eq.is_number and not pause:
        return polar_lift(eq)
    if isinstance(eq, Symbol) and not pause and lift:
        return polar_lift(eq)
    elif eq.is_Atom:
        return eq
    elif eq.is_Add:
        r = eq.func(*[_polarify(arg, lift, pause=True) for arg in eq.args])
        if lift:
            return polar_lift(r)
        return r
    elif eq.is_Pow and eq.base == S.Exp1:
        return eq.func(S.Exp1, _polarify(eq.exp, lift, pause=False))
    elif eq.is_Function:
        return eq.func(*[_polarify(arg, lift, pause=False) for arg in eq.args])
    elif isinstance(eq, Integral):
        # Don't lift the integration variable
        func = _polarify(eq.function, lift, pause=pause)
        limits = []
        for limit in eq.args[1:]:
            var = _polarify(limit[0], lift=False, pause=pause)
            rest = _polarify(limit[1:], lift=lift, pause=pause)
            limits.append((var,) + rest)
        return Integral(*((func,) + tuple(limits)))
    else:
        return eq.func(*[_polarify(arg, lift, pause=pause)
                         if isinstance(arg, Expr) else arg for arg in eq.args])


def polarify(eq, subs=True, lift=False):
    """
    Turn all numbers in eq into their polar equivalents (under the standard
    choice of argument).

    Note that no attempt is made to guess a formal convention of adding
    polar numbers, expressions like 1 + x will generally not be altered.

    Note also that this function does not promote exp(x) to exp_polar(x).

    If ``subs`` is True, all symbols which are not already polar will be
    substituted for polar dummies; in this case the function behaves much
    like posify.

    If ``lift`` is True, both addition statements and non-polar symbols are
    changed to their polar_lift()ed versions.
    Note that lift=True implies subs=False.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import polarify, sin, I
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, y
    >>> expr = (-x)**y
    >>> expr.expand()
    (-x)**y
    >>> polarify(expr)
    ((_x*exp_polar(I*pi))**_y, {_x: x, _y: y})
    >>> polarify(expr)[0].expand()
    _x**_y*exp_polar(_y*I*pi)
    >>> polarify(x, lift=True)
    polar_lift(x)
    >>> polarify(x*(1+y), lift=True)
    polar_lift(x)*polar_lift(y + 1)

    Adds are treated carefully:

    >>> polarify(1 + sin((1 + I)*x))
    (sin(_x*polar_lift(1 + I)) + 1, {_x: x})
    """
    if lift:
        subs = False
    eq = _polarify(sympify(eq), lift)
    if not subs:
        return eq
    reps = {s: Dummy(s.name, polar=True) for s in eq.free_symbols}
    eq = eq.subs(reps)
    return eq, {r: s for s, r in reps.items()}


def _unpolarify(eq, exponents_only, pause=False):
    if not isinstance(eq, Basic) or eq.is_Atom:
        return eq

    if not pause:
        if isinstance(eq, exp_polar):
            return exp(_unpolarify(eq.exp, exponents_only))
        if isinstance(eq, principal_branch) and eq.args[1] == 2*pi:
            return _unpolarify(eq.args[0], exponents_only)
        if (
            eq.is_Add or eq.is_Mul or eq.is_Boolean or
            eq.is_Relational and (
                eq.rel_op in ('==', '!=') and 0 in eq.args or
                eq.rel_op not in ('==', '!='))
        ):
            return eq.func(*[_unpolarify(x, exponents_only) for x in eq.args])
        if isinstance(eq, polar_lift):
            return _unpolarify(eq.args[0], exponents_only)

    if eq.is_Pow:
        expo = _unpolarify(eq.exp, exponents_only)
        base = _unpolarify(eq.base, exponents_only,
            not (expo.is_integer and not pause))
        return base**expo

    if eq.is_Function and getattr(eq.func, 'unbranched', False):
        return eq.func(*[_unpolarify(x, exponents_only, exponents_only)
            for x in eq.args])

    return eq.func(*[_unpolarify(x, exponents_only, True) for x in eq.args])


def unpolarify(eq, subs={}, exponents_only=False):
    """
    If p denotes the projection from the Riemann surface of the logarithm to
    the complex line, return a simplified version eq' of `eq` such that
    p(eq') == p(eq).
    Also apply the substitution subs in the end. (This is a convenience, since
    ``unpolarify``, in a certain sense, undoes polarify.)

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import unpolarify, polar_lift, sin, I
    >>> unpolarify(polar_lift(I + 2))
    2 + I
    >>> unpolarify(sin(polar_lift(I + 7)))
    sin(7 + I)
    """
    if isinstance(eq, bool):
        return eq

    eq = sympify(eq)
    if subs != {}:
        return unpolarify(eq.subs(subs))
    changed = True
    pause = False
    if exponents_only:
        pause = True
    while changed:
        changed = False
        res = _unpolarify(eq, exponents_only, pause)
        if res != eq:
            changed = True
            eq = res
        if isinstance(res, bool):
            return res
    # Finally, replacing Exp(0) by 1 is always correct.
    # So is polar_lift(0) -> 0.
    return res.subs({exp_polar(0): 1, polar_lift(0): 0})
