/*!
 * Copyright 2014-2019 by Contributors
 * \file updater_colmaker.cc
 * \brief use columnwise update to construct a tree
 * \author Tianqi Chen
 */
#include <rabit/rabit.h>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>

#include "xgboost/parameter.h"
#include "xgboost/tree_updater.h"
#include "xgboost/logging.h"
#include "xgboost/json.h"
#include "param.h"
#include "constraints.h"
#include "../common/random.h"
#include "split_evaluator.h"

namespace xgboost {
namespace tree {

DMLC_REGISTRY_FILE_TAG(updater_colmaker);

struct ColMakerTrainParam : XGBoostParameter<ColMakerTrainParam> {
  // speed optimization for dense column
  float opt_dense_col;
  DMLC_DECLARE_PARAMETER(ColMakerTrainParam) {
    DMLC_DECLARE_FIELD(opt_dense_col)
        .set_range(0.0f, 1.0f)
        .set_default(1.0f)
        .describe("EXP Param: speed optimization for dense column.");
  }

  /*! \brief whether need forward small to big search: default right */
  inline bool NeedForwardSearch(int default_direction, float col_density,
                                bool indicator) const {
    return default_direction == 2 ||
           (default_direction == 0 && (col_density < opt_dense_col) &&
            !indicator);
  }
  /*! \brief whether need backward big to small search: default left */
  inline bool NeedBackwardSearch(int default_direction) const {
    return default_direction != 2;
  }
};

DMLC_REGISTER_PARAMETER(ColMakerTrainParam);

/*! \brief column-wise update to construct a tree */
class ColMaker: public TreeUpdater {
 public:
  void Configure(const Args& args) override {
    param_.UpdateAllowUnknown(args);
    colmaker_param_.UpdateAllowUnknown(args);
  }

  void LoadConfig(Json const& in) override {
    auto const& config = get<Object const>(in);
    FromJson(config.at("train_param"), &this->param_);
    FromJson(config.at("colmaker_train_param"), &this->colmaker_param_);
  }
  void SaveConfig(Json* p_out) const override {
    auto& out = *p_out;
    out["train_param"] = ToJson(param_);
    out["colmaker_train_param"] = ToJson(colmaker_param_);
  }

  char const* Name() const override {
    return "grow_colmaker";
  }

  void LazyGetColumnDensity(DMatrix *dmat) {
    // Finds densities if we don't already have them
    if (column_densities_.empty()) {
      std::vector<size_t> column_size(dmat->Info().num_col_);
      for (const auto &batch : dmat->GetBatches<SortedCSCPage>()) {
        auto page = batch.GetView();
        for (auto i = 0u; i < batch.Size(); i++) {
          column_size[i] += page[i].size();
        }
      }
      column_densities_.resize(column_size.size());
      for (auto i = 0u; i < column_densities_.size(); i++) {
        size_t nmiss = dmat->Info().num_row_ - column_size[i];
        column_densities_[i] =
            1.0f - (static_cast<float>(nmiss)) / dmat->Info().num_row_;
      }
    }
  }

  void Update(HostDeviceVector<GradientPair> *gpair,
              DMatrix* dmat,
              const std::vector<RegTree*> &trees) override {
    if (rabit::IsDistributed()) {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Updater `grow_colmaker` or `exact` tree method doesn't "
                    "support distributed training.";
    }
    if (!dmat->SingleColBlock()) {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Updater `grow_colmaker` or `exact` tree method doesn't "
                    "support external memory training.";
    }
    this->LazyGetColumnDensity(dmat);
    // rescale learning rate according to size of trees
    float lr = param_.learning_rate;
    param_.learning_rate = lr / trees.size();
    interaction_constraints_.Configure(param_, dmat->Info().num_row_);
    // build tree
    for (auto tree : trees) {
      CHECK(tparam_);
      Builder builder(param_, colmaker_param_, interaction_constraints_, tparam_,
                      column_densities_);
      builder.Update(gpair->ConstHostVector(), dmat, tree);
    }
    param_.learning_rate = lr;
  }

 protected:
  // training parameter
  TrainParam param_;
  ColMakerTrainParam colmaker_param_;
  // SplitEvaluator that will be cloned for each Builder
  std::vector<float> column_densities_;

  FeatureInteractionConstraintHost interaction_constraints_;
  // data structure
  /*! \brief per thread x per node entry to store tmp data */
  struct ThreadEntry {
    /*! \brief statistics of data */
    GradStats stats;
    /*! \brief last feature value scanned */
    bst_float last_fvalue { 0 };
    /*! \brief current best solution */
    SplitEntry best;
    // constructor
    ThreadEntry() = default;
  };
  struct NodeEntry {
    /*! \brief statics for node entry */
    GradStats stats;
    /*! \brief loss of this node, without split */
    bst_float root_gain { 0.0f };
    /*! \brief weight calculated related to current data */
    bst_float weight { 0.0f };
    /*! \brief current best solution */
    SplitEntry best;
    // constructor
    NodeEntry() = default;
  };
  // actual builder that runs the algorithm
  class Builder {
   public:
    // constructor
    explicit Builder(const TrainParam &param, const ColMakerTrainParam &colmaker_train_param,
                     FeatureInteractionConstraintHost _interaction_constraints,
                     GenericParameter const *ctx, const std::vector<float> &column_densities)
        : param_(param),
          colmaker_train_param_{colmaker_train_param},
          ctx_{ctx},
          tree_evaluator_(param_, column_densities.size(), GenericParameter::kCpuId),
          interaction_constraints_{std::move(_interaction_constraints)},
          column_densities_(column_densities) {}
    // update one tree, growing
    virtual void Update(const std::vector<GradientPair>& gpair,
                        DMatrix* p_fmat,
                        RegTree* p_tree) {
      std::vector<int> newnodes;
      this->InitData(gpair, *p_fmat);
      this->InitNewNode(qexpand_, gpair, *p_fmat, *p_tree);
      for (int depth = 0; depth < param_.max_depth; ++depth) {
        this->FindSplit(depth, qexpand_, gpair, p_fmat, p_tree);
        this->ResetPosition(qexpand_, p_fmat, *p_tree);
        this->UpdateQueueExpand(*p_tree, qexpand_, &newnodes);
        this->InitNewNode(newnodes, gpair, *p_fmat, *p_tree);
        for (auto nid : qexpand_) {
          if ((*p_tree)[nid].IsLeaf()) {
            continue;
          }
          int cleft = (*p_tree)[nid].LeftChild();
          int cright = (*p_tree)[nid].RightChild();

          tree_evaluator_.AddSplit(nid, cleft, cright, snode_[nid].best.SplitIndex(),
                                   snode_[cleft].weight, snode_[cright].weight);
          interaction_constraints_.Split(nid, snode_[nid].best.SplitIndex(), cleft, cright);
        }
        qexpand_ = newnodes;
        // if nothing left to be expand, break
        if (qexpand_.size() == 0) break;
      }
      // set all the rest expanding nodes to leaf
      for (const int nid : qexpand_) {
        (*p_tree)[nid].SetLeaf(snode_[nid].weight * param_.learning_rate);
      }
      // remember auxiliary statistics in the tree node
      for (int nid = 0; nid < p_tree->param.num_nodes; ++nid) {
        p_tree->Stat(nid).loss_chg = snode_[nid].best.loss_chg;
        p_tree->Stat(nid).base_weight = snode_[nid].weight;
        p_tree->Stat(nid).sum_hess = static_cast<float>(snode_[nid].stats.sum_hess);
      }
    }

   protected:
    // initialize temp data structure
    inline void InitData(const std::vector<GradientPair>& gpair,
                         const DMatrix& fmat) {
      {
        // setup position
        position_.resize(gpair.size());
        CHECK_EQ(fmat.Info().num_row_, position_.size());
        std::fill(position_.begin(), position_.end(), 0);
        // mark delete for the deleted datas
        for (size_t ridx = 0; ridx < position_.size(); ++ridx) {
          if (gpair[ridx].GetHess() < 0.0f) position_[ridx] = ~position_[ridx];
        }
        // mark subsample
        if (param_.subsample < 1.0f) {
          CHECK_EQ(param_.sampling_method, TrainParam::kUniform)
            << "Only uniform sampling is supported, "
            << "gradient-based sampling is only support by GPU Hist.";
          std::bernoulli_distribution coin_flip(param_.subsample);
          auto& rnd = common::GlobalRandom();
          for (size_t ridx = 0; ridx < position_.size(); ++ridx) {
            if (gpair[ridx].GetHess() < 0.0f) continue;
            if (!coin_flip(rnd)) position_[ridx] = ~position_[ridx];
          }
        }
      }
      {
        column_sampler_.Init(fmat.Info().num_col_,
                             fmat.Info().feature_weigths.ConstHostVector(),
                             param_.colsample_bynode, param_.colsample_bylevel,
                             param_.colsample_bytree);
      }
      {
        // setup temp space for each thread
        // reserve a small space
        stemp_.clear();
        stemp_.resize(this->ctx_->Threads(), std::vector<ThreadEntry>());
        for (auto& i : stemp_) {
          i.clear(); i.reserve(256);
        }
        snode_.reserve(256);
      }
      {
        // expand query
        qexpand_.reserve(256); qexpand_.clear();
        qexpand_.push_back(0);
      }
    }
    /*!
     * \brief initialize the base_weight, root_gain,
     *  and NodeEntry for all the new nodes in qexpand
     */
    inline void InitNewNode(const std::vector<int>& qexpand,
                            const std::vector<GradientPair>& gpair,
                            const DMatrix& fmat,
                            const RegTree& tree) {
      {
        // setup statistics space for each tree node
        for (auto& i : stemp_) {
          i.resize(tree.param.num_nodes, ThreadEntry());
        }
        snode_.resize(tree.param.num_nodes, NodeEntry());
      }
      const MetaInfo& info = fmat.Info();
      // setup position
      const auto ndata = static_cast<bst_omp_uint>(info.num_row_);
      dmlc::OMPException exc;
      #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (bst_omp_uint ridx = 0; ridx < ndata; ++ridx) {
        exc.Run([&]() {
          const int tid = omp_get_thread_num();
          if (position_[ridx] < 0) return;
          stemp_[tid][position_[ridx]].stats.Add(gpair[ridx]);
        });
      }
      exc.Rethrow();
      // sum the per thread statistics together
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        GradStats stats;
        for (auto& s : stemp_) {
          stats.Add(s[nid].stats);
        }
        // update node statistics
        snode_[nid].stats = stats;
      }

      auto evaluator = tree_evaluator_.GetEvaluator();
      // calculating the weights
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        bst_node_t parentid = tree[nid].Parent();
        snode_[nid].weight = static_cast<float>(
            evaluator.CalcWeight(parentid, param_, snode_[nid].stats));
        snode_[nid].root_gain = static_cast<float>(
            evaluator.CalcGain(parentid, param_, snode_[nid].stats));
      }
    }
    /*! \brief update queue expand add in new leaves */
    inline void UpdateQueueExpand(const RegTree& tree,
                                  const std::vector<int> &qexpand,
                                  std::vector<int>* p_newnodes) {
      p_newnodes->clear();
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        if (!tree[ nid ].IsLeaf()) {
          p_newnodes->push_back(tree[nid].LeftChild());
          p_newnodes->push_back(tree[nid].RightChild());
        }
      }
    }

    // update enumeration solution
    inline void UpdateEnumeration(
        int nid, GradientPair gstats, bst_float fvalue, int d_step,
        bst_uint fid, GradStats &c, std::vector<ThreadEntry> &temp, // NOLINT(*)
        TreeEvaluator::SplitEvaluator<TrainParam> const &evaluator) const {
      // get the statistics of nid
      ThreadEntry &e = temp[nid];
      // test if first hit, this is fine, because we set 0 during init
      if (e.stats.Empty()) {
        e.stats.Add(gstats);
        e.last_fvalue = fvalue;
      } else {
        // try to find a split
        if (fvalue != e.last_fvalue &&
            e.stats.sum_hess >= param_.min_child_weight) {
          c.SetSubstract(snode_[nid].stats, e.stats);
          if (c.sum_hess >= param_.min_child_weight) {
            bst_float loss_chg {0};
            if (d_step == -1) {
              loss_chg = static_cast<bst_float>(
                  evaluator.CalcSplitGain(param_, nid, fid, c, e.stats) -
                  snode_[nid].root_gain);
              bst_float proposed_split = (fvalue + e.last_fvalue) * 0.5f;
              if ( proposed_split == fvalue ) {
                e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, e.last_fvalue,
                              d_step == -1, c, e.stats);
              } else {
                e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, proposed_split,
                              d_step == -1, c, e.stats);
              }
            } else {
              loss_chg = static_cast<bst_float>(
                  evaluator.CalcSplitGain(param_, nid, fid, e.stats, c) -
                  snode_[nid].root_gain);
              bst_float proposed_split = (fvalue + e.last_fvalue) * 0.5f;
              if ( proposed_split == fvalue ) {
                e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, e.last_fvalue,
                            d_step == -1, e.stats, c);
              } else {
                e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, proposed_split,
                            d_step == -1, e.stats, c);
              }
            }
          }
        }
        // update the statistics
        e.stats.Add(gstats);
        e.last_fvalue = fvalue;
      }
    }
    // same as EnumerateSplit, with cacheline prefetch optimization
    void EnumerateSplit(
        const Entry *begin, const Entry *end, int d_step, bst_uint fid,
        const std::vector<GradientPair> &gpair,
        std::vector<ThreadEntry> &temp, // NOLINT(*)
        TreeEvaluator::SplitEvaluator<TrainParam> const &evaluator) const {
      CHECK(param_.cache_opt) << "Support for `cache_opt' is removed in 1.0.0";
      const std::vector<int> &qexpand = qexpand_;
      // clear all the temp statistics
      for (auto nid : qexpand) {
        temp[nid].stats = GradStats();
      }
      // left statistics
      GradStats c;
      // local cache buffer for position and gradient pair
      constexpr int kBuffer = 32;
      int buf_position[kBuffer] = {};
      GradientPair buf_gpair[kBuffer] = {};
      // aligned ending position
      const Entry *align_end;
      if (d_step > 0) {
        align_end = begin + (end - begin) / kBuffer * kBuffer;
      } else {
        align_end = begin - (begin - end) / kBuffer * kBuffer;
      }
      int i;
      const Entry *it;
      const int align_step = d_step * kBuffer;
      // internal cached loop
      for (it = begin; it != align_end; it += align_step) {
        const Entry *p;
        for (i = 0, p = it; i < kBuffer; ++i, p += d_step) {
          buf_position[i] = position_[p->index];
          buf_gpair[i] = gpair[p->index];
        }
        for (i = 0, p = it; i < kBuffer; ++i, p += d_step) {
          const int nid = buf_position[i];
          if (nid < 0 || !interaction_constraints_.Query(nid, fid)) { continue; }
          this->UpdateEnumeration(nid, buf_gpair[i],
                                  p->fvalue, d_step,
                                  fid, c, temp, evaluator);
        }
      }

      // finish up the ending piece
      for (it = align_end, i = 0; it != end; ++i, it += d_step) {
        buf_position[i] = position_[it->index];
        buf_gpair[i] = gpair[it->index];
      }
      for (it = align_end, i = 0; it != end; ++i, it += d_step) {
        const int nid = buf_position[i];
        if (nid < 0 || !interaction_constraints_.Query(nid, fid)) { continue; }
        this->UpdateEnumeration(nid, buf_gpair[i],
                                it->fvalue, d_step,
                                fid, c, temp, evaluator);
      }
      // finish updating all statistics, check if it is possible to include all sum statistics
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        ThreadEntry &e = temp[nid];
        c.SetSubstract(snode_[nid].stats, e.stats);
        if (e.stats.sum_hess >= param_.min_child_weight &&
            c.sum_hess >= param_.min_child_weight) {
          bst_float loss_chg;
          const bst_float gap = std::abs(e.last_fvalue) + kRtEps;
          const bst_float delta = d_step == +1 ? gap: -gap;
          if (d_step == -1) {
            loss_chg = static_cast<bst_float>(
                evaluator.CalcSplitGain(param_, nid, fid, c, e.stats) -
                snode_[nid].root_gain);
            e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, e.last_fvalue + delta, d_step == -1, c,
                          e.stats);
          } else {
            loss_chg = static_cast<bst_float>(
                evaluator.CalcSplitGain(param_, nid, fid, e.stats, c) -
                snode_[nid].root_gain);
            e.best.Update(loss_chg, fid, e.last_fvalue + delta, d_step == -1,
                          e.stats, c);
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // update the solution candidate
    virtual void UpdateSolution(const SortedCSCPage &batch,
                                const std::vector<bst_feature_t> &feat_set,
                                const std::vector<GradientPair> &gpair,
                                DMatrix*) {
      // start enumeration
      const auto num_features = static_cast<bst_omp_uint>(feat_set.size());
#if defined(_OPENMP)
      CHECK(this->ctx_);
      const int batch_size =  // NOLINT
          std::max(static_cast<int>(num_features / this->ctx_->Threads() / 32), 1);
#endif  // defined(_OPENMP)
      {
        auto page = batch.GetView();
        dmlc::OMPException exc;
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(dynamic, batch_size)
        for (bst_omp_uint i = 0; i < num_features; ++i) {
          exc.Run([&]() {
            auto evaluator = tree_evaluator_.GetEvaluator();
            bst_feature_t const fid = feat_set[i];
            int32_t const tid = omp_get_thread_num();
            auto c = page[fid];
            const bool ind =
                c.size() != 0 && c[0].fvalue == c[c.size() - 1].fvalue;
            if (colmaker_train_param_.NeedForwardSearch(
                    param_.default_direction, column_densities_[fid], ind)) {
              this->EnumerateSplit(c.data(), c.data() + c.size(), +1, fid,
                                  gpair, stemp_[tid], evaluator);
            }
            if (colmaker_train_param_.NeedBackwardSearch(
                    param_.default_direction)) {
              this->EnumerateSplit(c.data() + c.size() - 1, c.data() - 1, -1,
                                  fid, gpair, stemp_[tid], evaluator);
            }
          });
        }
        exc.Rethrow();
      }
    }
    // find splits at current level, do split per level
    inline void FindSplit(int depth,
                          const std::vector<int> &qexpand,
                          const std::vector<GradientPair> &gpair,
                          DMatrix *p_fmat,
                          RegTree *p_tree) {
      auto evaluator = tree_evaluator_.GetEvaluator();

      auto feat_set = column_sampler_.GetFeatureSet(depth);
      for (const auto &batch : p_fmat->GetBatches<SortedCSCPage>()) {
        this->UpdateSolution(batch, feat_set->HostVector(), gpair, p_fmat);
      }
      // after this each thread's stemp will get the best candidates, aggregate results
      this->SyncBestSolution(qexpand);
      // get the best result, we can synchronize the solution
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        NodeEntry const &e = snode_[nid];
        // now we know the solution in snode[nid], set split
        if (e.best.loss_chg > kRtEps) {
          bst_float left_leaf_weight =
              evaluator.CalcWeight(nid, param_, e.best.left_sum) *
              param_.learning_rate;
          bst_float right_leaf_weight =
              evaluator.CalcWeight(nid, param_, e.best.right_sum) *
              param_.learning_rate;
          p_tree->ExpandNode(nid, e.best.SplitIndex(), e.best.split_value,
                             e.best.DefaultLeft(), e.weight, left_leaf_weight,
                             right_leaf_weight, e.best.loss_chg,
                             e.stats.sum_hess,
                             e.best.left_sum.GetHess(), e.best.right_sum.GetHess(),
                             0);
        } else {
          (*p_tree)[nid].SetLeaf(e.weight * param_.learning_rate);
        }
      }
    }
    // reset position of each data points after split is created in the tree
    inline void ResetPosition(const std::vector<int> &qexpand,
                              DMatrix* p_fmat,
                              const RegTree& tree) {
      // set the positions in the nondefault
      this->SetNonDefaultPosition(qexpand, p_fmat, tree);
      // set rest of instances to default position
      // set default direct nodes to default
      // for leaf nodes that are not fresh, mark then to ~nid,
      // so that they are ignored in future statistics collection
      const auto ndata = static_cast<bst_omp_uint>(p_fmat->Info().num_row_);

      common::ParallelFor(ndata, [&](bst_omp_uint ridx) {
        CHECK_LT(ridx, position_.size())
            << "ridx exceed bound " << "ridx="<<  ridx << " pos=" << position_.size();
        const int nid = this->DecodePosition(ridx);
        if (tree[nid].IsLeaf()) {
          // mark finish when it is not a fresh leaf
          if (tree[nid].RightChild() == -1) {
            position_[ridx] = ~nid;
          }
        } else {
          // push to default branch
          if (tree[nid].DefaultLeft()) {
            this->SetEncodePosition(ridx, tree[nid].LeftChild());
          } else {
            this->SetEncodePosition(ridx, tree[nid].RightChild());
          }
        }
      });
    }
    // customization part
    // synchronize the best solution of each node
    virtual void SyncBestSolution(const std::vector<int> &qexpand) {
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        NodeEntry &e = snode_[nid];
        CHECK(this->ctx_);
        for (int tid = 0; tid < this->ctx_->Threads(); ++tid) {
          e.best.Update(stemp_[tid][nid].best);
        }
      }
    }
    virtual void SetNonDefaultPosition(const std::vector<int> &qexpand,
                                       DMatrix *p_fmat,
                                       const RegTree &tree) {
      // step 1, classify the non-default data into right places
      std::vector<unsigned> fsplits;
      for (int nid : qexpand) {
        if (!tree[nid].IsLeaf()) {
          fsplits.push_back(tree[nid].SplitIndex());
        }
      }
      std::sort(fsplits.begin(), fsplits.end());
      fsplits.resize(std::unique(fsplits.begin(), fsplits.end()) - fsplits.begin());
      for (const auto &batch : p_fmat->GetBatches<SortedCSCPage>()) {
        auto page = batch.GetView();
        for (auto fid : fsplits) {
          auto col = page[fid];
          const auto ndata = static_cast<bst_omp_uint>(col.size());
          common::ParallelFor(ndata, [&](bst_omp_uint j) {
            const bst_uint ridx = col[j].index;
            const int nid = this->DecodePosition(ridx);
            const bst_float fvalue = col[j].fvalue;
            // go back to parent, correct those who are not default
            if (!tree[nid].IsLeaf() && tree[nid].SplitIndex() == fid) {
              if (fvalue < tree[nid].SplitCond()) {
                this->SetEncodePosition(ridx, tree[nid].LeftChild());
              } else {
                this->SetEncodePosition(ridx, tree[nid].RightChild());
              }
            }
          });
        }
      }
    }
    // utils to get/set position, with encoded format
    // return decoded position
    inline int DecodePosition(bst_uint ridx) const {
      const int pid = position_[ridx];
      return pid < 0 ? ~pid : pid;
    }
    // encode the encoded position value for ridx
    inline void SetEncodePosition(bst_uint ridx, int nid) {
      if (position_[ridx] < 0) {
        position_[ridx] = ~nid;
      } else {
        position_[ridx] = nid;
      }
    }
    //  --data fields--
    const TrainParam& param_;
    const ColMakerTrainParam& colmaker_train_param_;
    // number of omp thread used during training
    GenericParameter const* ctx_;
    common::ColumnSampler column_sampler_;
    // Instance Data: current node position in the tree of each instance
    std::vector<int> position_;
    // PerThread x PerTreeNode: statistics for per thread construction
    std::vector< std::vector<ThreadEntry> > stemp_;
    /*! \brief TreeNode Data: statistics for each constructed node */
    std::vector<NodeEntry> snode_;
    /*! \brief queue of nodes to be expanded */
    std::vector<int> qexpand_;
    TreeEvaluator tree_evaluator_;

    FeatureInteractionConstraintHost interaction_constraints_;
    const std::vector<float> &column_densities_;
  };
};

XGBOOST_REGISTER_TREE_UPDATER(ColMaker, "grow_colmaker")
.describe("Grow tree with parallelization over columns.")
.set_body([]() {
    return new ColMaker();
  });
}  // namespace tree
}  // namespace xgboost
