# Chapter 5. The Gradle Wrapper

Most tools require installation on your computer before you can use them. If the installation is easy, you may think that’s fine. But it can be an unnecessary burden on the users of the build. Equally importantly, will the user install the right version of the tool for the build? What if they’re building an old version of the software?

The Gradle Wrapper (henceforth referred to as the “Wrapper”) solves both these problems and is the preferred way of starting a Gradle build.

## 5.1. Executing a build with the Wrapper

If a Gradle project has set up the Wrapper (and we recommend all projects do so), you can execute the build using one of the following commands from the root of the project:

- `./gradlew <task>` (on Unix-like platforms such as Linux and Mac OS X)

- `gradlew <task>` (on Windows using the gradlew.bat batch file)

Each Wrapper is tied to a specific version of Gradle, so when you first run one of the commands above for a given Gradle version, it will download the corresponding Gradle distribution and use it to execute the build.

### IDEs

When importing a Gradle project via its wrapper, your IDE may ask to use the Gradle 'all' distribution. This is perfectly fine and helps the IDE provide code completion for the build files.

Not only does this mean that you don’t have to manually install Gradle yourself, but you are also sure to use the version of Gradle that the build is designed for. This makes your historical builds more reliable. Just use the appropriate syntax from above whenever you see a command line starting with `gradle ...` in the user guide, on Stack Overflow, in articles or wherever.

For completeness sake, and to ensure you don’t delete any important files, here are the files and directories in a Gradle project that make up the Wrapper:

- `gradlew` (Unix Shell script)

- `gradlew.bat` (Windows batch file)

- `gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar` (Wrapper JAR)

- `gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties` (Wrapper properties)

If you’re wondering where the Gradle distributions are stored, you’ll find them in your user home directory under `$USER_HOME/.gradle/wrapper/dists`.

## 5.2. Adding the Wrapper to a project

The Wrapper is something you should check into version control. By distributing the Wrapper with your project, anyone can work with it without needing to install Gradle beforehand. Even better, users of the build are guaranteed to use the version of Gradle that the build was designed to work with. Of course, this is also great for continuous integration servers (i.e. servers that regularly build your project) as it requires no configuration on the server.

You install the Wrapper into your project by running the `wrapper` task. (This task is always available, even if you don't add it to your build). To specify a Gradle version use `--gradle-version` on the command-line. By default, the Wrapper will use a `bin` distribution. This is the smallest Gradle distribution. Some tools, like Android Studio and Intellij IDEA, provide additional context information when used with the `all` distribution. You may select a different Gradle distribution type by using `--distribution-type`. You can also set the URL to download Gradle from directly via `--gradle-distribution-url`. If no version or distribution URL is specified, the Wrapper will be configured to use the gradle version the `wrapper` task is executed with. So if you run the `wrapper` task with Gradle 2.4, then the Wrapper configuration will default to version 2.4.

Example 5.1. Running the Wrapper task

Output of `gradle wrapper --gradle-version 2.0`

    > gradle wrapper --gradle-version 2.0
    :wrapper

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL

    Total time: 1 secs

The Wrapper can be further customized by adding and configuring a `Wrapper` task in your build script, and then executing it.

Example 5.2. Wrapper task

`build.gradle`

    task wrapper(type: Wrapper) {
        gradleVersion = '2.0'
    }

After such an execution you find the following new or updated files in your project directory (in case the default configuration of the Wrapper task is used).

Example 5.3. Wrapper generated files

Build layout

    simple/
      gradlew
      gradlew.bat
      gradle/wrapper/
        gradle-wrapper.jar
        gradle-wrapper.properties

All of these files should be submitted to your version control system. This only needs to be done once. After these files have been added to the project, the project should then be built with the added gradlew command. The gradlew command can be used exactly the same way as the gradle command.

If you want to switch to a new version of Gradle you don't need to rerun the `wrapper` task. It is good enough to change the respective entry in the `gradle-wrapper.properties` file, but if you want to take advantage of new functionality in the Gradle wrapper, then you would need to regenerate the wrapper files.

## 5.3. Configuration

If you run Gradle with gradlew, the Wrapper checks if a Gradle distribution for the Wrapper is available. If so, it delegates to the gradle command of this distribution with all the arguments passed originally to the gradlew command. If it didn't find a Gradle distribution, it will download it first.

When you configure the `Wrapper` task, you can specify the Gradle version you wish to use. The gradlew command will download the appropriate distribution from the Gradle repository. Alternatively, you can specify the download URL of the Gradle distribution. The gradlew command will use this URL to download the distribution. If you specified neither a Gradle version nor download URL, the gradlew command will download whichever version of Gradle was used to generate the Wrapper files.

For the details on how to configure the Wrapper, see the `Wrapper` class in the API documentation.

If you don't want any download to happen when your project is built via gradlew, simply add the Gradle distribution zip to your version control at the location specified by your Wrapper configuration. A relative URL is supported - you can specify a distribution file relative to the location of `gradle-wrapper.properties` file.

If you build via the Wrapper, any existing Gradle distribution installed on the machine is ignored.

## 5.4. Authenticated Gradle distribution download

### Security Warning

HTTP Basic Authentication should only be used with `HTTPS` URLs and not plain `HTTP` ones. With Basic Authentication, the user credentials are sent in clear text.

The Gradle `Wrapper` can download Gradle distributions from servers using HTTP Basic Authentication. This enables you to host the Gradle distribution on a private protected server. You can specify a username and password in two different ways depending on your use case: as system properties or directly embedded in the `distributionUrl`. Credentials in system properties take precedence over the ones embedded in `distributionUrl`.

Using system properties can be done in the `.gradle/gradle.properties` file in the user's home directory, or by other means, see Section 12.1, “Configuring the build environment via gradle.properties”.

Example 5.4. Specifying the HTTP Basic Authentication credentials using system properties

`gradle.properties`

    systemProp.gradle.wrapperUser=username
    systemProp.gradle.wrapperPassword=password

Embedding credentials in the `distributionUrl` in the `gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties` file also works. Please note that this file is to be committed into your source control system. Shared credentials embedded in `distributionUrl` should only be used in a controlled environment.

Example 5.5. Specifying the HTTP Basic Authentication credentials in `distributionUrl`

`gradle-wrapper.properties`

    distributionUrl=https://username:password@somehost/path/to/gradle-distribution.zip

This can be used in conjunction with a proxy, authenticated or not. See Section 12.3, “Accessing the web via a proxy” for more information on how to configure the `Wrapper` to use a proxy.

## 5.5. Verification of downloaded Gradle distributions

The Gradle Wrapper allows for verification of the downloaded Gradle distribution via SHA-256 hash sum comparison. This increases security against targeted attacks by preventing a man-in-the-middle attacker from tampering with the downloaded Gradle distribution.

To enable this feature you'll want to first calculate the SHA-256 hash of a known Gradle distribution. You can generate a SHA-256 hash from Linux and OSX or Windows (via Cygwin) with the shasum command.

Example 5.6. Generating a SHA-256 hash

    > shasum -a 256 gradle-2.4-all.zip
    371cb9fbebbe9880d147f59bab36d61eee122854ef8c9ee1ecf12b82368bcf10  gradle-2.4-all.zip

Add the returned hash sum to the `gradle-wrapper.properties` using the `distributionSha256Sum` property.

Example 5.7. Configuring SHA-256 checksum verification

`gradle-wrapper.properties`

    distributionSha256Sum=371cb9fbebbe9880d147f59bab36d61eee122854ef8c9ee1ecf12b82368bcf10

## 5.6. Unix file permissions

The Wrapper task adds appropriate file permissions to allow the execution of the `gradlew` *NIX command. Subversion preserves this file permission. We are not sure how other version control systems deal with this. What should always work is to execute “`sh gradlew`”.